Most of the matter that makes up the universe is reliably hidden from our eyes.

Composing in our head a visual representation of the structure of the galaxy, we probably see spirals of stars in front of us, rotating in a black space void. Having very powerful telescope, we could actually consider the individual stars that make up the arms spiral galaxiesbecause they emit enough light and other waves. We could also "see" the dark regions inside galaxies - clouds of interstellar dust and gas, absorbing, not emitting light.

However, during the 20th century, astrophysicists gradually came to the conclusion that visible and familiar images of galaxies contain no more than 10% of the matter actually contained in the Universe. About 90% of the Universe consists of matter, the form of which remains a mystery to us, since we cannot observe it, and in total all this dark matter got the name dark matter... (Sometimes they also talk about missing mass, but this term cannot be called a good one, since in this terminology it would probably be better to call it redundant.) For the first time secret revelations of this kind in the distant 1933 were voiced by the Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky (Fritz Zwicky, 1898-1974). It was he who pointed out that the cluster of galaxies in the constellation Coma of Veronica appears to be held together by a much stronger gravitational field than would be assumed based on the apparent mass of matter contained in this galaxy cluster, which means most of the matter contained in this area of \u200b\u200bthe universe, remains invisible to us.

In the 1970s, Vera Rubin, a researcher at the Carnegie Institution (Washington), studied the dynamics of galaxies characterized by high rotational speeds around their centers, primarily the behavior of matter at their periphery. By all parameters, significant masses of the lightest interstellar gas, namely hydrogen, whose atoms should theoretically envelop the galaxy in a web of microscopic satellites, should have been thrown out to the periphery of rapidly rotating galaxies - according to the principle of a centrifuge. Consider, as an example, our solar system. Its bulk is concentrated in the center (on the Sun); the further the planet is removed from the center, the longer the period of its revolution around it. Jupiter, for example, takes eleven Earth years to complete a full annual revolution around the Sun, since it is in an orbit much more distant from the Sun and in one annual cycle makes not only a longer path, but also moves more slowly along it ( cm. Kepler's laws). Similarly, if all matter in a spiral galaxy were concentrated in its arms, where we observe visible stars, then atomized hydrogen atoms, obeying Kepler's third law, would move more and more slowly as they move away from the center of galactic mass. Rubin, however, managed to experimentally find out that at any distance from the center of the galaxy, hydrogen moves at a constant speed. You might think that it is "glued" to a giant rotating sphere of some kind of invisible matter.

Now we know that dark matter is invisibly present not only within galaxies, but throughout the entire Universe, including intergalactic space. What we, however, have no idea about, is her nature. Some part of it may turn out to be ordinary celestial bodies that do not emit their own radiation, for example, massive planets like Jupiter. Their existence is confirmed by the results of observing the luminosity of stars in nearby galaxies, where sometimes there are "dips" that can be attributed to their partial eclipse when large planets pass along the path of rays on the way to us. In practice, the existence of interstellar eclipsing bodies that do not have their own radiation energy in the observed range can also be considered confirmed - they are called "massive compact halo objects".

However, the overwhelming majority of scientists agree that the mass of the invisible matter of the Universe is far from limited to the mass of ordinary celestial bodies and atomized matter hidden from us, but tend to add to it the total mass of still undiscovered types of elementary particles. They are usually called massive particles of weak interaction (MWPP).They do not manifest themselves in any way in interaction with light and other electromagnetic radiation. Their search today is a kind of renewal of the seemingly irrelevant search for "luminiferous ether" ( cm. Michelson-Morley experiment). The idea is that if our Galaxy is really clothed with a spherical MChSV envelope from all sides, the Earth, due to its motion, should constantly be under the influence of the "wind of hidden particles" that penetrate it in the same way as even in the most calm weather a car is blown by oncoming air currents. Sooner or later, one of the particles of such a “dark wind” will interact with one of the earth's atoms and excite the vibrations necessary for its registration by a supersensitive device in which it is at rest. Laboratories conducting such experiments are already reporting that the first hints have been obtained to confirm the real existence of a six-month half-period of fluctuations in the frequency of registration of signals about anomalous events of a similar series, and this is exactly what was to be expected, since for six months the Earth moves in a circumsolar orbit towards the wind of hidden particles and in the next six months the wind blows "after" and particles fly to the Earth less often.

MChSV are an example of what is commonly called cold dark matter because they are heavy and slow. It is assumed that they played an important role in the formation stage of galaxies in the early Universe. Some scientists also believe that at least some of the dark matter is in a state of fast, weakly interacting particles such as neutrinos, which are an example hot dark matter. The main problem here is that before the formation of atoms, that is, for about the first 300,000 years after the big bang, the universe was in a protoplasmic state. Any nucleus of matter familiar to us disintegrated, without having time to form, under the most powerful energies of bombardment from the side of overheated particles of a hot, superdense, opaque plasma. After the Universe expanded to a certain degree of transparency of the space separating matter, light atomic nuclei finally began to form. But, alas, by this moment the Universe had already expanded so much that the forces of gravitational attraction could not to counteract the kinetic energy of the scattering of the fragments of the big bang, and all matter, in theory, should scatter, preventing the formation of stable galaxies that we observe. This was the so-called galactic paradox, who questioned the very theory of the Big Bang.

However, if in the entire space of the volumetric big bang, ordinary matter was mixed with hidden particles of dark matter, after the explosion, dark matter, being mixed with explicit, could just serve as a restraining element. Due to the presence of a huge number of hidden heavy particles, it was the first to be pulled under the influence of gravitational attraction into the future nuclei of galaxies, which turned out to be stable due to the lack of interaction between the MHPM and the powerful centripetal energy radiation of the explosion. Thus, by the time of the formation of atomic nuclei, dark matter had time to form into galaxies and clusters of galaxies, and the liberated elements of ordinary matter began to collect on them under the influence of the gravitational field. In this model, ordinary matter is drawn into clumps of dark matter like dry leaves being sucked into whirlpools on the dark surface of a fast-moving river. There is something to think about, isn't it? Not only us, but our entire galaxy, and the entire visible material world may turn out to be just foam on the surface of a strange universal game of hide and seek.

Vera Cooper Rubin, p. 1928

American astronomer. She was born in Philadelphia. She received her education and doctorate from Georgetown University (Washington, USA). Since 1954 he has been working at the Carnegie Institute, Washington, studying the structure of galaxies, primarily spiral ones, and, especially, the structure and movement of their arms. It was she who discovered that the speed of rotation of extended gas clouds in the arms of spiral galaxies does not decrease with distance from the center, but, on the contrary, increases, and this gives us the first convincing confirmation of the existence of dark matter in individual galaxies.

The universe consists of only 4.9% of ordinary matter - the baryonic matter of which our world is composed. Most of 74% of the entire Universe is mysterious dark energy, and 26.8% of the mass in the Universe is accounted for by particles that are not subject to physical laws, difficult to detect, called dark matter.

This strange and unusual concept of dark matter was proposed in an attempt to explain unexplained astronomical phenomena. So about the existence of some powerful energy, so dense and massive - it is five times more than the ordinary matter of matter that makes up our world, we are, scientists started talking after the discovery of incomprehensible phenomena in the gravity of stars and the formation of the Universe.

Where did the concept of dark matter come from?

So, stars in spiral galaxies like ours have a fairly high speed of rotation and, according to all laws, with such a fast movement, they should simply fly out into intergalactic space, like oranges from an overturned basket, but they do not. They are held by some strong gravitational force, which is not registered or captured by any of our methods.

Another interesting confirmation of the existence of a certain dark matter, scientists received from studies of the cosmic microwave background. They showed that after the Big Bang, matter at the very beginning was uniformly distributed in space, but in some places its density was slightly higher than average. These areas had a stronger gravity, unlike those that surrounded them, and at the same time, attracting matter to themselves, they became even denser and more massive. This entire process had to be too slow to form large galaxies, including our Milky Way, in just 13.8 billion years (and this is the age of the universe).

Thus, it remains to assume that the rate of development of galaxies is accelerated by the presence of a sufficient amount of dark matter with its additional gravity, which significantly accelerates this process.

What is dark matter?

One of the central ideas is that dark matter is composed of as yet undiscovered subatomic particles. What are these particles and who is applying for this role, there are many candidates.

It is assumed that fundamental elementary particles from the fermion family have supersymmetric partners from another family - bosons. Such weakly interacting massive particles are called WIMPs (or simply WIMPs). The lightest and at the same time stable superpartner is neutralino. Here it is, then it is the most likely candidate for the role of dark matter substances.

At the moment, attempts to obtain neutralino or at least a similar or completely different particle of dark matter have not been successful. Neutralino production tests were undertaken in ultra-high-energy collisions at the well-known and variously evaluated Large Hadron Collider. In the future, experiments will be conducted with even higher collision energies, but this does not guarantee that at least some models of dark matter will be discovered.

As Matthew McCullough (from the Center for Theoretical Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) says - "Our ordinary world is complex, it is not built of particles of the same type, but if dark matter is also complex?" According to his theory, hypothetically dark matter can interact with itself, but at the same time ignore ordinary matter. That is why we cannot notice and somehow register her presence.

(Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Map by Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP))

Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is made up of a huge, spherical, rotating cloud of dark matter mixed with a small amount of ordinary matter, which is compressed by gravity. It happens faster between the poles, not like in the equatorial region. As a result, our galaxy takes the form of a flattened spiral disk of stars and plunges into a spheroidal cloud of dark matter.

Theories of the existence of dark matter

To explain the nature of the missing mass in the Universe, various theories have been put forward, one way or another, talking about the existence of dark matter. Here are some of them:

• The gravitational pull of ordinary recorded matter in the Universe cannot explain the strange motion of stars in galaxies, where stars in the outer regions of spiral galaxies revolve so quickly that they should simply fly out into interstellar space. What is holding them back if it is impossible to fix it.
• The existing dark matter exceeds the ordinary matter of the Universe by 5.5 times, and only its additional gravity can explain the uncharacteristic motions of stars in spiral galaxies.
• Possible WIMP dark matter particles (WIMPs), they are weakly interacting massive particles while superheavy supersymmetric partners of subatomic particles. In theory, there are over three spatial dimensions that are inaccessible to us. The difficulty is how to register them when additional dimensions according to the Kaluza - Klein theory are inaccessible to us.

Is it possible to register dark matter?

Huge amounts of dark matter particles fly through the Earth, but since dark matter does not interact, and if there is an interaction that is extremely weak, practically zero, with ordinary matter, then in most experiments, significant results were not obtained.

Nevertheless, attempts to register the presence of dark matter are being tried in experiments on the collision of various atomic nuclei (silicon, xenon, fluorine, iodine, and others) in the hope of seeing a recoil from a dark matter particle.

At the neutrino astronomical observatory at the Amundsen-Scott station with the interesting name IceCube, research is being carried out to detect high-energy neutrinos born outside the solar system.

Here, at the South Pole, where the temperature overboard is up to -80 ° C, at a depth of 2.4 km under the ice, high-precision electronics are installed, providing a continuous process of observing the mysterious processes of the Universe that occur beyond the edge of ordinary matter. So far, these are only attempts to get closer to solving the deepest mysteries of the Universe, but there are already some successes, such as the historical discovery of 28 neutrinos.

So. It is incredibly interesting that the Universe, consisting of dark matter inaccessible for visible study by us, may turn out to be many times more complex than the structure of our Universe. Or maybe the Universe of dark matter is significantly superior to ours, and it is there that all important things take place, the echoes of which we are trying to see in our ordinary matter, but this is already passing into the field of science fiction.

The hierarch of the Andromeda Nebula galaxy Chamakhi got in touch with Lyubov Kolosyuk and Valeria Koltsova. He answered a number of important questions.

The information we have obtained will help astrophysicists both in studying the structure of the Universes and in the correct formulation of research tasks. Scientists all over the world, as well as everyone who is interested in the structure of the universe, will familiarize themselves with these important materials for science. Chamakhi kindly answered a number of our additional questions, for which we express our sincere gratitude to him and wish for further cooperation. Despite the previously cited publications on this issue ("Rainbow" No. 30, 44 and 45 for 2006), we decided to summarize them.

It should be noted right away that our astrophysicists correctly assumed that dark matter was formed in the early stages of the existence of the universe. They also correctly assumed that the dark masses of matter do not consist of ordinary atoms, since they do not transmit or emit light and therefore are invisible. At the same time, they exert a gravitational effect on the galaxies of our Universe, as if keeping them "on a leash". This speaks of a single initial material part for both dark matter and our matter of galaxies.

About our and other universes

Our Universe is of a spiral type and relatively young on an infinite scale. Its age is reckoned in manvantaras (periods of collapse and unfolding of the Universe). The collapse and unfolding with the help of the Big Bang is inherent only in spiral universes like ours.

Our universe itself is shaped like an egg. At its center is a singularity point, which is a supergiant black hole... In the black hole there is a de-materialized vacuum, condensed to the atomic mass of matter 6666 (in the gradation of the Periodic Table). It is a single superatom that is a singularity point. There is no time at this point, it is equal to zero. And all matter, passing through this state, takes the form of a Mobius loop.

In fact, our Universe is a multidimensional Möbius loop with a folding point at the singularity point. At the point of singularity, matter moves all the time. It is absorbed by the superheavy mass. It is as if the Mobius loop is being turned inside out. The mass of a single superatoma grows. When it reaches a mass of 9998, it means that one part of the Mobius loop has turned out and coincided with the second part of the loop. All matter in this part of the loop was absorbed by the black hole at the singularity point. But this point continues to draw in the vacuum. The superatom reaches a mass of 9999. The Big Bang of matter takes place. But in a different dimension.

It expands until it is all manifested. Then the collapse and accumulation of mass at the singularity point begins again. And again it is thrown out into the dimension of space from which it was taken. The universe pulsates, stretching through the singularity point in one direction or the other. In one case it is the Big Bang, and in the other it is a big implosion. These two processes take place simultaneously. If for an observer in one part of the Mobius loop what is happening will seem to be a collapse, then for an observer in the other part of the Mobius loop (on the other side of the singularity point) will seem like a Big Bang and an expansion of the Universe.

In the part of the Mobius loop where the collapse occurs, in the region near the singularity point, a colossal condensation of matter and energies occurs. Low-frequency heavy energy from negative thoughts of various dark entities and creatures also gets there.

In large volumes of this condensed energy, consciousness, or rather, anti-consciousness, arises. It doesn't want to be reworked at a singularity point (in a black hole) and then turned into Big Bang light. It does everything possible to throw all matter, spirits, entities and consciousness into the hole of the singularity in its place. The dark consciousness is interested in that every time life in the Universe begins anew. It turns out that our Universe is constantly collapsing and expanding, this is not a normal process. It is caused by the slag of negative energies in the area of \u200b\u200bthe singularity point of the worlds. Our Universe must evolve further, outgrow the present spiral state and become a spherical or spherical pulsating Universe.

Chamakhi made some terminology clarifications. The definition of "vacuum particle" is incorrect. Vacuum is unmanifest matter. A particle indicates manifestation. A vacuum cannot be rarefied.

Only the absolute zero of space-time is called a vacuum. All other stages of the vacuum, known to the science of earthlings, are absolute vacuum, seasoned with various numbers of manifested particles.

The Universe is a bubble, on the film of which all visible physical objects, all manifested matter are located. And inside the film there is an absolute vacuum. It is also outside the film. There are countless such universes. All of them are bubbles, dangling, rotating in the absolute vacuum of interuniverse space. And the boundaries of the universe do not exist. But when the films of different Universes come into contact, the matter of one bubble can transfer to the film of another. At the point of their contact, a singularity region should arise, which is a black hole for one universe, and a white hole for another.

The presence of dark matter is very dangerous for the existence of the universe. It should be utilized by black holes and the main singularity point of the universe. It is possible to split it from the heaviest atoms to the state of light atomic masses. Then the Universe would pass from a spiral development cycle to a spherical one. This is the natural process of evolution of the universes.

But our Universe is affected by the evil virus (negative consciousness). And this virus provokes the production of negative energies by various cosmic entities and beings. Including people living on Earth. And all negative energies and thought-forms in a concentrated form are identical to dark matter. The dark matter of our Universe is replenishing. And light matter decreases quantitatively.

Dark matter stops the movement of photons by freezing them into atomic structures. It stops any movement, decomposes any matter, then turning it into superheavy elements. If there is a lot of Dark Matter, then it brings the death of the Universe. And in our Universe, its number is still increasing.

Multidimensionality of space and teleportation

Outer space is multidimensional. The cosmos resembles a matryoshka doll, in which one space enters another. Spaces differ from each other in vibration frequency, which means different speed of events taking place there. Time in each space is different and exists only relative to the coordinates of its space.

Moving within a particular space takes time. And when moving between spaces, time is not wasted. He's not there. Moving is almost instantaneous. You can quickly move and within the same space. You just need to exit it and re-enter in another desired place. This is teleportation. To get out of your space, you need to change the frequency of your vibrations so that they do not coincide with the frequency range of the space where the traveler is. And you will find yourself in the space to which your new vibration frequency corresponds. There you need to informatively set the coordinates of your space, which you are going to get into. And renew the old vibrations. So you will find yourself at the new point you set.

In this case, informationally ordered not only the parameters of the spatial location, but also the temporal one. We can find ourselves at the point of the beginning of teleportation, and in time before it or after it. it amazing fact... And on it, we received an additional explanation, which is set out below. Here we also note that the frequencies in the Cosmos are different, from the lowest to the highest.

The higher the vibration frequency, the thinner the matter. Subtle matter is called spiritual substance. And the lower the vibration frequency, the coarser and heavier the matter. If the vibrations are very low, then physical gross matter becomes superheavy.

The super-heavy, like the super-light, disappears from the visible and tangible world of biological beings, to which the man of the Earth belongs. We feel only a certain range of energies (a certain range of their possible vibrations). Subtle worlds of high-dimensional spaces and low worlds, called anti-worlds, are beyond the thresholds of human perception with ordinary vision. However, those who own the Third Eye can observe these amazing worlds. Too heavy and dense matter passes into the infra-spectrum of radiation and disappears from the field of view for ordinary eyes. Collapse phenomena are also invisible to ordinary eyes, they are black holes.

In a new work by Joseph Silky and his colleagues from Oxford, the assumption is substantiated that the Universe has six spatial dimensions. Moreover, three additional dimensions were deduced from dark matter manifesting itself by the gravitational effect. In smaller objects (small galaxies), dark matter attracts ordinary matter to itself. Our physicists are on the right track. Only there are much more measurements in our Universe. According to Chamakhi, there are about a thousand of them. The Demiurge of the Universe is located in the space of the thousandth dimension.

The mechanism of radioactive destruction

It is known that heavy atoms have a wide radiation infra-spectrum. Scientists understand this as radiation (alpha, beta gamma radiation, etc.). The powerful emissivity of low-frequency energies leads to the destruction of the surrounding matter. Molecules of ordinary matter, colliding with a radioactive substance, slow down their movements and vibrations, turn into a substance, like radioactive in low mobility. The frequency of their vibrations is sharply reduced. The molecules of living cells are also drawn into the atoms of radioactive radiation.

In the process of radiation, energies and matter are absorbed into fragments of radioactive particles. These particles acquire such activity after the decay of a heavy atom. Cells, proteins, DNA - everything is pulled into these fragments. Molecules and cells are destroyed. The body is destroyed not only at the cellular level, but also at the level of atoms. Radiation causes the decay of not only living matter, but also inanimate matter, when particles are washed out from its crystal lattice. As a result, the crystal lattice and the substance itself are destroyed.

The mechanism of radioactive destruction is also dangerous because one microhole in the form of a fragment of a heavy decaying atom gives rise to several microholes, which also begin to collapse. It turns out a chain reaction for the destruction of living and inanimate tissue. To stop the cancerous process of destruction of living tissue, it is necessary to find an antidote against the chain reaction by the formation of black microholes in the form of radioactive particles.

Big Bang Mechanism

What is the mechanism of the Big Bang? There is only one answer. This is a nuclear explosion. But at the same time, not Uranus or Plutonium is used, but the super-element 9999. Around this element, space and time are uniform and equal to zero. There is an absolute vacuum around him. Therefore, the Big Bang can be considered a super-powerful atomic bomb.

At this time, there is a release of matter from parallel world (the other, invisible in this world, part of the Mobius loop - space-time). More precisely, knocking out matter from vacuum structures). Knocking out occurs in an incremental, exponential progression. But according to the information matrix-programs given in a vacuum. Dissimilar matter, various elements, molecules, elementary particles are formed along them. They will be born almost simultaneously. They start pushing each other. A shock wave is generated.

Vacuum is space-time. During the manifestation of physical matter, physical masses of bodies arise, time ceases to be zero and begins its course. This process creates a wave in a vacuum - a shock wave from the Big Bang. After the Big Bang, fragments of dark matter remain. They are made up of the heaviest elements with a super radioactive nature. Basically, it is an element (yet unknown to Earth science) with an atomic mass of 6666. Such an element is present in the nuclei of black holes. In a free, uncollapsed state, the half-life of this element takes place. The result is less heavy elements in the six thousand series. All of them are part of dark matter and have an atomic mass of 1000 to 6666. When an element heavier than 6666 appears, the collapse of the Universe begins.

Black holes

What happens in cosmic black holes? Elements with an atomic mass of 1000, 2000, 5000 and even 6000 are formed in them. The heaviest element, if it were in the periodic table, would have an atomic mass of 6666. Such an element is found in superheavy black holes. And, basically, it is located at the singularity point of the universe.

The process of collapse (folding of the Universe) begins with an even greater increase in the mass of this superheavy element. The night of Brahma comes when this element becomes equal in mass to 9998. When it reaches 9999 mass, another nuclear explosion occurs, which we call the Big Bang.

The explosion releases a lot of energy. It is enough to "knock" matter out of vacuum structures, manifest it and start its colossal expansion. The big bang lasts the entire so-called day of Brahma. That is, in fact, it is still ongoing. We see matter flying apart from the shock wave from the Big Bang. Around the black hole there is a radioactive cloud in the form of its envelope, which is located around a superatome with a mass of 9999. In the Big Bang, the pieces of this halo scatter as well as the mass of the superatome.

Recently, instruments installed on a satellite of the European Space Agency have detected gamma-ray fluxes that can be explained by the processes of collision and annihilation of heavy superparticles and anti-superparticles in the center of our Galaxy. Scientists are close to the truth. But fluxes of radiation can also be formed in the process of splitting large atomic structures into pieces.

Dark Matter and Energy

What is mysterious dark matter? These are fragments of radiation from a black superhole formed during the Big Bang. They still hang out in the expanding universe like clouds of dark matter.

So, dark matter is immobilized elementary particles, as if frozen into a vacuum. If ordinary particles vibrate, then the dark matter particles have no motion. As if "dead" matter. She does not radiate any energy into our world. But this is not really "dead" matter. It strives to fill it with energies in contact with it, sucks in the energy and matter of the surrounding worlds.

How large is the supply of dark matter? It is very large. And it will be enough to stop the vibrations of all the manifested matter of our Universe. When dark matter and the matter of our world come into contact, our matter sharply slows down its vibrations, as if partially "darkens". Naturally, her usual structures are destroyed.

People know low temperatures and their limit is absolute zero. So, according to this gradation (Kelvin scale), dark energy has a lower temperature than this zero. In this case, electrons and atomic nuclei freeze into the crystal lattice of the vacuum.

Dark matter has a colossal magnetic field due to its absorbing effect. When such a black galaxy was near the Milky Way, it would bend its disk. As the Milky Way rotated around its axis, like any other galaxy, the edge of its disk clung to the black galaxy and slowed down.

Our solar system is located at the edge of the galaxy disk, this is confirmed by the latest studies of astrophysicists. Every 12,500 Earth years, thanks to the rotation of the Milky Way, the solar system was absorbed by masses of dark matter from this black galaxy.

The periods of darkness on Earth were called Kali-yuga. At this time, the dominance of the dark forces began - the inhabitants of the black galaxy. Therefore, the Milky Way and several neighboring galaxies were teleported to another point in the Universe, far from the black galaxy. The struggle to cleanse the Milky Way of dark matter is actively continuing now.

After the Big Bang, dark matter exploded and distributed in the form of a network, since the vacuum has a mesh or cellular structure. It envelops the vast majority of galaxies with its dark halo. Such galaxies can be strongly influenced by dark forces. They are helped in this by black holes inside galaxies, where there is also consciousness or anti-consciousness.

According to their space purpose, black holes should be neutral and play the role of only utilizers and recyclers of slag. But because of the large amount of relic matter sucked into black holes, they are overweight and turned into a source of superradiation and a repository of low-frequency entities. Now there is a process of cleansing black holes and a fight with these entities.

Dark energy threatens our universe. Therefore, the Demiurges of our and other neighboring Universes decided to quickly clear our Universe of dark matter, which is still growing and gaining strength. It can destroy our Universe, and then others. Therefore, a fight is being prepared for her.

Here, unexpectedly, an optimistic note sounded in Chamakhi's message. If there is cooperation between neighboring Universes, then there is a space communication between them (interuniverse flights). Universes of one dark matter do not exist, but there are such galaxies. There are also clusters of dark galaxies. But our Milky Way and a number of neighboring galaxies were teleported from them to a distant zone.

For a number of our scientific articles, there was no clear explanation of the differences in the concepts of black energy and black matter. Chamakhi gave explanations. Dark matter and dark energy are one and the same. They differ only in a fraction of the concentration. The more concentrated is called dark matter. And the more rarefied - with dark energy.

Dark matter and dark energy can flow from one universe to another. Apparently, this can happen when different Universes come into contact with each other. We gave a description of the collision process of universes earlier.

Swiss physicists have determined that not all galaxies have dark matter halos. They found three galaxies around which he is not. They suggested that, possibly, some process strips galaxies from dark matter at some stage of their development. Now we clearly know that this work is performed by highly developed civilizations, which can even teleport a group of galaxies.

According to the theory of Albrecht - Spordis, dark energy flows into our Universe from other dimensions. This could happen when the universes come into contact. And so, why should it overflow from somewhere, when it fills evenly all of our Universe today, as we have already described it above? There are other theories devoted to dark energy, but we will not dwell on them because of their obvious inconsistency (according to the results of Chamakhi's messages).

The mechanism of gravitation and antigravitation

Astrophysicists of the Earth discovered the law of antigravitation (repulsion of everything from everything). And they believe that the main thing in the dynamics of the Universe belongs to dark matter and dark energy. It is believed that the source of antigravitation is a certain physical object called "dark energy". It, according to the estimates of Earth's astrophysicists, accounts for approximately 70% of the total density of the modern Universe. And as a result of this, the anti-gravity forces are higher than the gravitational forces, which leads to the scattering of galaxies (expansion of the Universe). It is also believed that dark energy in the form of a continuous medium fills the entire Universe.

Here our scientists were partially mistaken. Dark matter and dark energy, like our material environment, obey the laws of gravity. And the expansion of the Universe is the result of the shock wave from the Big Bang. But this expansion should not be accelerating. The expansion of the Universe should end, and then the process of its collapse with the transition into a black hole will begin. The conclusion of our scientists about the accelerating process of the recession of galaxies is apparently based on the incorrect determination of the velocities of retiring objects by the change in light photons from these objects.

But what is antigravitation? Chamakhi answered this question as well. This is the repulsion of particles from each other. It occurs at different vibration frequencies of particles. Such particles are, as it were, in different worlds. We do not see the worlds parallel to us, although we freely pass through them. The effect of repulsion of particles acts here, i.e., antigravitation. With a small difference in vibrations, you can create an anti-gravity or levitation effect. One crude way to achieve this effect is to use an electromagnetic field. With the same mass of particles and when they are at the same vibrational level, gravitation and antigravitation can be absolutely equal.

How does gravity arise? It arises when a mass of manifested substance appears. When a particle emerges from vacuum structures, it immediately begins to have mass. And it bends vacuum structures around itself, deforms them. At this time, gravitation or rolling along the curved vacuum structures of lighter particles to heavier ones occurs.

Spaceship and dark matter

Unfortunately, there is no defense against dark matter, as it is understood on earth. The radiation of element 6666 freezes any physically existing material bodies into vacuum structures, decomposing them to elementary particles. To protect against the impact of huge masses of dark matter in Space, highly developed civilizations use teleportation. A spaceship, encountering a huge mass of dark matter on its way, is unmaterialized under control and in an informational form is transferred outside the area of \u200b\u200bdark matter. And there it materializes again.

You can overcome the masses of dark matter by changing the frequency of your vibrations, i.e., by moving to a parallel plane of existence, and then returning back to the area where there is no dark matter. This is teleportation. This raises an interesting question. If it is possible to return even to the point of teleportation before its completion in time, then all the new events will not be a repetition of the old ones? Chamakhi replied that there may or may not be. It depends on which series of event variations you fall into.

Each event has a trillion trillion variations inscribed in vacuum structures. Many of them can manifest themselves simultaneously in different parallel planes of being. The variant of the manifestation of the event depends on which plan you get into and how.

Why does the Sun have a bright crown?

It was not clear to our astrophysicists why stars like our Sun have a very bright corona. It turns out that in stars like the Sun there is a large release of photons from vacuum structures. Stars work like small white holes. Curved space-time turns through the stars into our space in the form of photons. These processes on the Sun are also accompanied by various thermonuclear reactions. The photons are revealed not in the thermonuclear reactions themselves and not in the core of the star, but at the border of the curved space-time. And she is like paz where the crown is. Because it is so bright.

What are the conditions for the existence of intelligent life?

Sentient beings can exist in an energetic form, in a biological, in a mineral and in other forms. Energy creatures are not limited to an acceptable temperature range. Biological creatures can develop in the temperature range from plus 200-300 degrees Celsius to minus 100. Here we mean some alien unearthly organisms.

What's in the core of the Earth?

Our Earth has a metal core made of solid hydrogen in the center. Its formation, which is constantly continuing and now, is apparently associated with the influx of microparticles of a vacuum environment, which serve as a building material for hydrogen atoms.

Will the Milky Way and the Andromeda Nebula collide in the future?

Our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda Nebula are known to converge. They should not collide, because The Higher Forces will not allow this. Otherwise, many worlds of both galaxies will perish. If we fail to teleport them to the sides, then our galaxy will, as it were, fly through the more extended disk of the Andromeda Nebula. Astronomers are aware of the collision cases of galaxies. An empty space remains at the collision site, because material bodies burn or explode on collision. Cases of "cannibalism" of galaxies are also widely known, when large galaxies swallow smaller ones when they approach.

Explosions of large hydrogen bombs can destroy life on Earth?

When a 50-megaton (hydrogen) bomb exploded over Novaya Zemlya, the process of radioactive reactions during the explosion took a long 20 minutes. Chamakhi confirmed our opinion on this issue. With this explosion, radioactive radiation was multiplied with the participation of atoms and air molecules in it.

Chamakhi warns earthlings against attempts to detonate a 100-megaton bomb. Such an explosion would form a giant ozone hole. And this would lead to the death of many biological species on land, sea and in the air, including people. The shock wave from such an explosion could move the tectonic plates from their places. The strongest volcanic processes would begin. And this could lead to the death of an intelligent civilization on Earth due to changes in climatic conditions.

What are quasars?

Quasars, which we see at the edge of the universe, appear before us as they were billions of years ago. For so long the light comes to us from them. Indeed, quasars were then the nuclei of nascent galaxies. Now we see the filmed past. And in place of quasars, galaxies that evolved from them are now located. There are probably highly developed civilizations there. And maybe their spaceships have already been in our Solar system.

In conclusion, it is necessary to thank the Hierarch of the Andromeda Chamakhi Nebula galaxy, as well as our contactees Lyubov Kolosyuk and Valeria Koltsova for providing the earthlings with valuable scientific information. All scientists of the Earth, as well as politicians and all those interested in the structure of the Universe should learn about them. As for 100-megaton hydrogen bombs, their use should be banned.

Evgeny EMELYANOV, Samara.

# magazine # horseshoe # dark # matter

ON THE MAIN NEWSPAPER RAINBOW

In the articles of the cycle, we examined the structure of the visible Universe. We talked about its structure and the particles that form this structure. About nucleons, which play the main role, since it is from them that all visible matter consists. About photons, electrons, neutrinos, as well as minor actors involved in a universal performance that unfolds 14 billion years since the Big Bang. It would seem that there is nothing more to talk about. But this is not the case. The fact is that the substance we see is only a small part of what our world consists of. Everything else is something about which we know almost nothing. This mysterious "something" is called dark matter.

If the shadows of objects did not depend on the size of the latter,
but would have their own arbitrary growth, then, perhaps,
soon would not be left on everything the globe not a single bright spot.

Kozma Prutkov

What will happen to our world?

After the discovery in 1929 by Edward Hubble of the redshift in the spectra of distant galaxies, it became clear that the Universe was expanding. One of the questions that arose in this regard was the following: how long will the expansion continue and how will it end? The forces of gravitational attraction, acting between separate parts of the Universe, tend to slow down the scattering of these parts. What braking will lead to depends on the total mass of the Universe. If it is large enough, the forces of gravity will gradually stop expansion and it will be replaced by compression. As a result, the Universe will eventually "collapse" again to the point from which it once began to expand. If the mass is less than a certain critical mass, then the expansion will continue forever. It is usually customary to talk not about mass, but about density, which is related to mass by a simple ratio known from the school course: density is mass divided by volume.

The calculated value of the critical average density of the Universe is about 10 -29 grams per cubic centimeter, which corresponds to an average of five nucleons per cubic meter. It should be emphasized that we are talking about the average density. The characteristic concentration of nucleons in water, earth, and in you and me is about 10 30 per cubic meter. However, in the void separating clusters of galaxies and occupying the lion's share of the volume of the Universe, the density is tens of orders of magnitude lower. The value of the concentration of nucleons, averaged over the entire volume of the Universe, was measured tens and hundreds of times, carefully calculating the number of stars and gas and dust clouds by different methods. The results of such measurements are slightly different, but the qualitative conclusion is unchanged: the value of the density of the Universe barely reaches a few percent of the critical value.

Therefore, until the 70s of the XX century, it was generally accepted to predict the eternal expansion of our world, which inevitably should lead to the so-called heat death. Thermal death is a state of a system when the substance in it is evenly distributed and its different parts have the same temperature. As a consequence, neither the transfer of energy from one part of the system to another, nor the redistribution of matter is possible. In such a system, nothing happens and can never happen again. A good analogy is water spilled over some surface. If the surface is uneven and there are even small differences in elevation, water moves along it from higher places to lower ones and eventually collects in lowlands, forming puddles. The movement stops. All that remained was to console myself with the fact that heat death would come in tens and hundreds of billions of years. Consequently, for a very, very long time, one can not think about this gloomy prospect.

However, it gradually became clear that the true mass of the Universe is much larger than the visible mass contained in stars and gas and dust clouds and, most likely, is close to critical. Or perhaps exactly equal to her.

Evidence for the existence of dark matter

The first indication that something was wrong with the calculation of the mass of the Universe appeared in the mid-30s of the XX century. Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky measured the speed at which galaxies in the Coma cluster (and this is one of the largest clusters known to us, it includes thousands of galaxies) orbiting a common center. The result was discouraging: the speeds of the galaxies turned out to be much higher than one would expect based on the observed total mass of the cluster. This meant that the true mass of the Coma Cluster was much larger than the visible mass. But the main amount of matter present in this region of the Universe remains, for some reason, invisible and inaccessible for direct observation, manifesting itself only gravitationally, that is, only as mass.

The presence of hidden mass in galaxy clusters is also evidenced by experiments on the so-called gravitational lensing. An explanation of this phenomenon follows from the theory of relativity. In accordance with it, any mass deforms space and, like a lens, distorts the rectilinear path of light rays. The distortion that causes a cluster of galaxies is so great that it's easy to spot. In particular, from the distortion of the image of the galaxy that lies behind the cluster, one can calculate the distribution of matter in the lens cluster and thereby measure its total mass. And it turns out that it is always many times greater than the contribution of the visible matter of the cluster.

40 years after Zwicky's work, in the 70s, the American astronomer Vera Rubin studied the speed of rotation around the galactic center of matter located at the periphery of galaxies. In accordance with Kepler's laws (and they directly follow from the law of universal gravitation), when moving from the center of the galaxy to its periphery, the speed of rotation of galactic objects should decrease inversely proportional to the square root of the distance to the center. Measurements have shown that for many galaxies this speed remains almost constant at a very significant distance from the center. These results can be interpreted in only one way: the density of matter in such galaxies does not decrease when moving from the center, but remains almost unchanged. Since the density of visible matter (contained in stars and interstellar gas) rapidly falls towards the periphery of the galaxy, the missing density must be provided by something that we, for some reason, cannot see. To quantitatively explain the observed dependences of the rotation rate on the distance to the center of galaxies, it is required that this invisible "something" be about 10 times larger than the usual visible matter. This "something" is called "dark matter" (in English " dark matter») And still remains the most intriguing mystery in astrophysics.

Another important evidence of the presence of dark matter in our world comes from calculations that simulate the formation of galaxies, which began about 300 thousand years after the start of the Big Bang. These calculations show that the forces of gravitational attraction, which acted between the scattering fragments of the matter arising from the explosion, could not compensate for the kinetic energy of scattering. The substance simply should not have collected in galaxies, which we nevertheless observe in the modern era. This problem was called the galactic paradox, and for a long time it was considered a serious argument against the Big Bang theory. However, if we assume that particles of ordinary matter in the early Universe were mixed with particles of invisible dark matter, then in the calculations everything falls into place and ends begin to converge - the formation of galaxies from stars, and then clusters from galaxies becomes possible. At the same time, as calculations show, at first a huge number of dark matter particles were clustered in galaxies and only then, due to the forces of gravity, elements of ordinary matter were collected on them, the total mass of which was only a few percent of the total mass of the Universe. It turns out that the familiar and seemingly studied to the details of the visible world, which we quite recently considered almost understandable, is only a small addition to something that the universe actually consists of. Planets, stars, galaxies, and even you and me are just a screen for a huge "something" about which we have no idea.

Photo fact

A cluster of galaxies (at the bottom left of the circled region) creates a gravitational lens. It distorts the shape of objects located behind the lens - stretching their images in one direction. According to the magnitude and direction of pulling, an international group of astronomers from the European Southern Observatory, led by scientists from the Paris Institute of Astrophysics, plotted the mass distribution, which is shown in the lower image. As you can see, much more mass is concentrated in the cluster than can be seen through a telescope.

The hunt for dark massive objects is not fast, and the result does not look very impressive in the photograph. In 1995, the Hubble Telescope noticed that one of the stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud flared brighter. This glow lasted more than three months, but then the star returned to its natural state. And six years later, a barely luminous object appeared next to the star. It was a cold dwarf that, passing 600 light-years from the star, created a gravitational lens that amplifies light. Calculations have shown that the mass of this dwarf is only 5-10% of the mass of the Sun.

Finally, the general theory of relativity unambiguously links the rate of expansion of the Universe with the average density of the matter contained in it. Under the assumption that the average curvature of space is zero, that is, the geometry of Euclid acts in it, and not Lobachevsky (which has been reliably verified, for example, in experiments with relic radiation), this density should be equal to 10 -29 grams per cubic centimeter. The density of the visible substance is about 20 times less. The missing 95% of the mass of the Universe is dark matter. Note that the density value measured from the expansion rate of the Universe is equal to the critical value. The two values, independently calculated in completely different ways, matched! If in reality the density of the Universe is exactly equal to the critical one, this cannot be an accidental coincidence, but is a consequence of some fundamental property of our world, which has yet to be understood and comprehended.

What is it?

What do we know today about dark matter, which makes up 95% of the mass of the Universe? Almost nothing. But we still know something. First of all, there is no doubt that dark matter exists - this is irrefutably evidenced by the facts presented above. We also know for sure that dark matter exists in several forms. After by the beginning of the XXI century, as a result of many years of observations in experiments SuperKamiokande (Japan) and SNO (Canada), it was found that neutrinos have mass, it became clear that from 0.3% to 3% of 95% of the hidden mass lies in neutrinos that have been familiar to us for a long time - even if their mass is extremely small, but the number is There are about a billion times the number of nucleons in the universe: there are on average 300 neutrinos in every cubic centimeter. The remaining 92-95% consists of two parts - dark matter and dark energy. An insignificant fraction of dark matter is ordinary baryonic matter, built of nucleons; apparently, some unknown massive weakly interacting particles (the so-called cold dark matter) are responsible for the remainder. The energy balance in the modern Universe is presented in the table, and the story about its last three columns is shown below.

Baryonic dark matter

A small (4-5%) part of dark matter is ordinary matter that does not emit or almost does not emit its own radiation and therefore is invisible. The existence of several classes of such objects can be considered experimentally confirmed. The most complex experiments based on the same gravitational lensing led to the discovery of the so-called massive compact halo objects, that is, located on the periphery of galactic disks. This required tracking millions of distant galaxies over several years. When a dark massive body passes between an observer and a distant galaxy, its brightness briefly decreases (or increases, since the dark body acts as a gravitational lens). As a result of painstaking searches, such events were revealed. The nature of massive compact haloobjects is not completely clear. Most likely, these are either cooled stars (brown dwarfs), or planet-like objects that are not associated with stars and travel through the galaxy on their own. Another representative of baryonic dark matter is a hot gas recently discovered in galaxy clusters by X-ray astronomy, which does not glow in the visible range.

Non-baryonic dark matter

The main candidates for non-baryonic dark matter are the so-called WIMP (short for English Weakly Interactive Massive Particles - weakly interacting massive particles). The peculiarity of WIMP is that they almost do not manifest themselves in any way in interaction with an ordinary substance. This is why they are truly invisible dark matter, and why they are extremely difficult to detect. The WIMP mass should be at least ten times greater than the proton mass. Searches for WIMPs have been carried out in many experiments over the past 20-30 years, but despite all efforts, they have not yet been found.

One of the ideas is that if such particles exist, then the Earth in its motion with the Sun in orbit around the center of the Galaxy should fly through the rain, consisting of WIMP. Despite the fact that WIMP is an extremely weakly interacting particle, it still has some very low probability of interacting with an ordinary atom. At the same time, in special installations - very complex and expensive - a signal can be recorded. The number of such signals should change throughout the year, since, moving in an orbit around the Sun, the Earth changes its speed and direction of movement relative to the wind, consisting of WIMP. The DAMA Experimental Group at the Gran Sasso underground laboratory in Italy reports the observed annual variations in the count rate. However, other groups have not yet confirmed these results, and the question remains essentially open.

Another method of searching for WIMP is based on the assumption that during billions of years of their existence, various astronomical objects (Earth, Sun, the center of our Galaxy) should capture WIMPs that accumulate in the center of these objects, and, annihilating with each other, give rise to a neutrino flux ... Attempts to detect excess neutrino flux from the center of the Earth towards the Sun and the center of the Galaxy were undertaken using underground and underwater neutrino detectors MACRO, LVD (Gran Sasso laboratory), NT-200 (Lake Baikal, Russia), SuperKamiokande, AMANDA (Scott station -Amundsen, South Pole), but have not yet led to a positive result.

Experiments to search for WIMPs are also being actively carried out at particle accelerators. According to Einstein's famous equation E \u003d mc 2, energy is equivalent to mass. Therefore, accelerating a particle (for example, a proton) to a very high energy and colliding it with another particle, one can expect the production of pairs of other particles and antiparticles (including WIMP), the total mass of which is equal to the total energy of the colliding particles. But accelerator experiments have not yet yielded a positive result.

Dark energy

At the beginning of the last century, Albert Einstein, wishing to ensure the cosmological model in the general theory of relativity, independence from time, introduced into the equations of the theory the so-called cosmological constant, which he denoted by the Greek letter "lambda" - Λ. This Λ \u200b\u200bwas a purely formal constant, in which Einstein himself did not see any physical meaning. After the expansion of the Universe was discovered, the need for it disappeared. Einstein was very sorry for his haste and called the cosmological constant Λ his biggest scientific mistake. However, decades later it turned out that the Hubble constant, which determines the rate of expansion of the Universe, changes with time, and its dependence on time can be explained by choosing the value of the same “erroneous” Einstein constant Λ, which contributes to the latent density of the Universe. This part of the latent mass came to be called "dark energy".

Even less can be said about dark energy than about dark matter. First, it is evenly distributed throughout the Universe, in contrast to ordinary matter and other forms of dark matter. There is as much of it in galaxies and galaxy clusters as outside them. Secondly, it has several very strange properties, which can be understood only by analyzing the equations of the theory of relativity and interpreting their solutions. For example, dark energy experiences antigravity: due to its presence, the rate of expansion of the Universe increases. Dark energy, as it were, pushes itself apart, accelerating at the same time the scattering of ordinary matter collected in galaxies. And dark energy also has negative pressure, due to which a force arises in the substance that prevents it from stretching.

The main candidate for the role of dark energy is vacuum. The energy density of the vacuum does not change with the expansion of the Universe, which corresponds to negative pressure. Another candidate is a hypothetical superweak field called quintessence. Hopes for clarification of the nature of dark energy are associated primarily with new astronomical observations. Progress in this direction will undoubtedly bring radically new knowledge to mankind, since in any case, dark energy should be a completely unusual substance, completely different from what physics has dealt with until now.

So, our world is 95% composed of something that we know almost nothing about. It is possible to relate differently to such a fact that is not subject to any doubt. He can cause the anxiety that always accompanies the meeting with something unknown. Or chagrin, because such a long and difficult path of building a physical theory describing the properties of our world has led to the statement: most of the Universe is hidden from us and is unknown to us.

But most physicists are getting excited now. Experience shows that all the riddles that nature posed to humanity were sooner or later solved. Undoubtedly, the mystery of dark matter will also be solved. And this will certainly bring completely new knowledge and concepts, which we have no idea about yet. And perhaps we will meet new riddles, which, in turn, will also be solved. But it will be a completely different story, which readers of Chemistry and Life will be able to read not earlier than in a few years. And maybe in a few decades.

Ecology of cognition. Dark matter particles do not produce, reflect or absorb light. Yet even though we cannot see

Dark matter particles do not produce, reflect or absorb light. Nevertheless, although we cannot see dark matter directly and still do not understand its nature, scientists agree that it makes up 26% of the known universe, observing the gravitational effects it has on other space objects. Like the wind bending a tree, we do not see dark matter, but we know that it is. Based on these observations, scientists are developing very interesting theories regarding this mysterious substance. If it is discovered, our understanding of the universe will be significantly clearer.

Dark matter could cause mass extinction

Michael Rampino, a professor of biology at New York University, believes that Earth's movement through the galactic disk (our region in the Milky Way galaxy) may have caused mass extinctions on Earth. This happened because our movement disrupted the orbits of comets in the outer solar system (known as the "Oort cloud") and caused an increase in the heat of our planet's core.

Together with its planets, the Sun revolves around the center of the Milky Way every 250 million years. During its journey, it weaves through the galactic disk every 30 million years. Rampino argues that Earth's passage through the disk coincides with comet crashes and mass extinctions on Earth, including what happened 65 million years ago when the dinosaurs became extinct. There is also a theory that just before the asteroid put an end to the giant lizards, their ranks were significantly thinned out by volcanic eruptions.

The combination of unusual volcanic activity and an asteroid collision coincide with the Earth's passage through the galactic disk: "As it passes through the disk, concentrations of dark matter disrupt the paths of comets, which tend to fly far from Earth in the outer solar system," says Rampino. "This means that comets, which usually travel great distances from Earth, take unusual paths up to colliding with the planet." Some believe that Rampino's theory does not work because the dinosaurs became extinct due to the fall of an asteroid, not a comet. However, 4% of the Oort cloud is made up of asteroids, which is about eight billion.

In addition to this, Rampino believes that each passage of the Earth through the galactic disk resulted in the fact that dark matter accumulated in the planet's core. Since dark matter particles annihilate each other, they create intense heat, which can cause volcanic eruptions, sea level changes, mountain growth, and other geological activity that seriously affects life on Earth.

The Milky Way could be a giant wormhole

We may be living in a giant tunnel that is a shortcut through the universe. As predicted by Einstein's general theory of relativity, a wormhole is a region in which space and time are curved, creating a "wormhole" into a distant part of the universe. According to astrophysicists at the International School for Advanced Research in Trieste, Italy, dark matter in our galaxy can be distributed in such a way that it provides a stable wormhole in the middle of our Milky Way. These scientists believe that the time has come to rethink the nature of dark matter, perhaps it just represents part of another dimension.

“If we combine the map of dark matter in the Milky Way with the latest model of the Big Bang,” says Professor Paulo Salucci, “and assume the existence of space-time tunnels, we get that our galaxy may well have one of these tunnels, and such a tunnel could be the size of an entire galaxy. In addition, we can even go through this tunnel, since, according to our calculations, it will be navigable. Like the one we saw in the movie Interstellar.

Of course, this is just a theory. But scientists believe dark matter may be the key to creating and observing a wormhole. So far, no wormholes have been found in nature.

Galaxy X Discovery

Galaxy X, also known as a dark matter galaxy, is a largely invisible dwarf galaxy that could be causing strange ripples in cold hydrogen outside the Milky Way's disk. Galaxy X is believed to be a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way in a cluster of four variable Cepheids, pulsating stars that are used as markers to measure distances in space. We cannot see the rest of this dwarf galaxy because it is made of dark matter, according to theory. However, due to the gravitational pull of this galaxy, there is a ripple that we see. Without a source of gravity in the form of dark matter holding them together, the four Cepheids would likely fly away.

“The discovery of Cepheid variables shows that our method of finding the locations of dwarf galaxies with predominantly dark matter works,” says astronomer Sukania Chakrabarti. “It could help us ultimately understand what dark matter is made of. It also shows that Newton's theory of gravity can be used in the farthest corners of the galaxy and there is no need to change our theory of gravity. "

Decay of the Higgs boson into dark matter

Developed in the 1970s, the Standard Model of Particle Physics is a set of theories that essentially predict all known subatomic particles in the universe and how they interact. With the confirmed existence of the Higgs boson (also known as the "God particle") in 2012, the Standard Model is now complete. Unfortunately, this model does not explain everything and says nothing about gravity and dark matter. The mass of the Higgs particle also seems too small to some scientists.

This prompted scientists at Chalmers University of Technology to propose a new model based on supersymmetry that equips every known particle in the Standard Model with a heavier superpartner. According to the new theory, a small fraction of the Higgs particles decays into a photon (a particle of light) and two gravitinos (hypothetical dark matter particles). If confirmed, this model will completely revolutionize our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of nature.

Dark matter in the sun

Depending on the method used to analyze the Sun, the number of elements heavier than hydrogen or helium will fluctuate by 20-30 percent. We can measure each of these elements by looking at the spectrum of the light it emits like a fingerprint, or study how it affects the sound waves passing through the Sun. The mysterious difference in these two types of measurement of the Sun's elements is called the solar excess (or abundance) problem.

We need to accurately measure these elements in order to understand the chemical composition of the sun, as well as its density and temperature. In many ways, it will also help us understand the composition and behavior of other stars, as well as planets and galaxies.

For years, scientists have been unable to come up with an acceptable solution. Astrophysicist Aaron Vincent and colleagues then suggested the presence of dark matter in the Sun's core as a possible answer to the question. After testing many models, they came up with a theory that seemed to work. However, it included a special type of dark matter - "weakly interacting asymmetric dark matter", which could be either matter or antimatter at the same time.

Based on gravity measurements, scientists have learned that the sun is surrounded by a dark matter halo. Particles of asymmetric dark matter do not contain much antimatter, so they can survive contact with ordinary matter and accumulate in the core of the Sun. These particles can also absorb energy at the center of the Sun and then transport its heat to the outer edges, which could explain the problem of solar excess.

Dark matter can be macroscopic

Case Western Reserve scientists doubt we're looking for dark matter in the right places. In particular, they speculate that dark matter may not be composed of tiny exotic particles like wimps (weakly interacting massive particles), but rather macroscopic objects that range from a few centimeters to the size of an asteroid. However, scientists limit their theory to what is already being observed in space. Hence their belief that the Standard Model of Particle Physics will provide the answer. No new model needed.

Scientists have named their dark matter objects "macros". They do not claim that there are no wimps or axions, but they admit that our search for dark matter may include other candidates. There are examples of matter that is neither ordinary nor exotic, but which fit the parameters of the Standard Model.

“The scientific community gave up the idea that dark matter could be made of ordinary matter in the late 1980s,” says physics professor Glenn Starkman. “We are wondering if it was wrong and could dark matter consist of ordinary matter - quarks and electrons?”

Dark Matter Detection by GPS

Two physicists have proposed using GPS satellites to search for dark matter, which, according to scientists, may not be particles in the conventional sense, but rather drips in the fabric of space-time.

“Our research pursues the idea that dark matter can be organized as a giant gas-like collection of topological defects, or energy cracks,” says Andrei Derevyanko of the University of Nevada. “We propose to detect these defects, dark matter, using a network of sensitive atomic clocks. The idea is that when the clocks are out of sync, we will know that dark matter, a topological defect, has passed in this place. In fact, we plan to use GPS satellites as the largest human-made dark matter detector. ”

Scientists analyze data from 30 GPS satellites and use them to test their theory. If dark matter is indeed gaseous, the Earth will pass through it as it moves through the galaxy. Acting as wind, wisps of dark matter will be blown away by the Earth and its satellites, causing the GPS clocks on the satellites and on the ground to lose synchronization every three minutes. Scientists will be able to control discrepancies up to one billionth of a second.

Dark matter can feed on dark energy

According to a recent study, dark energy can feed on dark matter as they interact, which in turn slows down the growth of galaxies and could ultimately leave the universe almost completely empty. It's possible that dark matter is decaying into dark energy, but we don't know this yet. The Planck spacecraft recently refined the physical composition of the universe: 4.9% of ordinary matter, 25.9% of dark matter and 69.2% of dark energy.

We do not see dark matter or dark energy. These terms are not even well-written by the scientific community. They are more like a convention that will remain until we understand what's really going on.

Dark matter attracts, and dark energy repels. Dark matter is the frame or foundation upon which galaxies and their contents are built. Its gravitational pull is believed to hold the stars together in galaxies. Gravity is stronger when objects are closer together, and weaker when they are farther apart.

On the other hand, dark energy means the force that causes the universe to expand, throwing galaxies away. As dark energy repels these objects, gravity is weakened. This suggests that the expansion of space is accelerating, rather than slowing down due to gravitational effects, as was once believed.

"Since the late 1990s, astronomers have become convinced that something is causing the expansion of our universe to accelerate," says Professor David Wonds of the University of Portsmouth. - The simple explanation is that empty space - vacuum - has an energy density, which is a cosmological constant. However, there is growing evidence that this simple model cannot explain the full range of astronomical data that scientists have access to. In particular, the growth of the cosmic structure, galaxies and galaxy clusters is taking place more slowly than expected. "

Dark matter causes ripples in the galactic disk

Looking out into space from Earth, we see that the stars suddenly end 50,000 light years from the center of our galaxy. Hence, this is the end of the galaxy. We won't see anything serious until we are 15,000 light-years away from this boundary, the Ring of the Unicorn, stars that are above the plane of our galaxy. Some scientists believed that these stars were torn away from another galaxy.

However, new data analysis from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey has shown that the Unicorn Ring is essentially part of our galaxy. This means that the Milky Way is at least 50% larger than we thought - and the diameter of our galaxy is increasing from 100,000-120,000 light years to 150,000-180,000 light years.

Looking from Earth, we do not see that they are connected due to holes in the galactic disk. These ripples are like concentric circles that radiate from where the stone falls into the water. The wave rises and obscures the view of the ocean, only the higher waves remain visible. So although our vantage point was partially blocked by the shape of our galaxy, we saw the Unicorn Ring like the pinnacle of a tall wave.

This discovery changes our understanding of the structure of the Milky Way.

“We found that the disk of the Milky Way is not just a disk of stars in the same plane, it is corrugated,” says Heidi Newberg of the Rensselaer School of Science. - We see at least four depressions in the disk of the Milky Way. And since these four depressions are visible only from our point of view, it can be assumed that there are similar ripples throughout the disk of the Milky Way.

Scientists believe that this ripple may be caused by a lump of dark matter or a dwarf galaxy that sliced \u200b\u200bthrough the Milky Way. If this theory turns out to be correct, the Milky Way's concentric troughs will help scientists analyze the distribution of dark matter in our galaxy.

Gamma ray signature

Until recently, the only way scientists could detect dark matter was by observing its possible gravitational action to other space objects. However, scientists believe that gamma rays could be a direct indication that dark matter is hiding in our universe. They may have already discovered the first gamma-ray signature in Reticulum 2, a recently discovered dwarf galaxy near the Milky Way.

Gamma rays are a form of high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from the dense centers of galaxies. If dark matter is actually WIMPs, the dark matter particles could be a source of gamma rays produced by WIMP mutual annihilation on contact. However, gamma rays can also be emitted by other sources such as black holes and pulsars. If in the process of analysis it is possible to separate some sources from others, we will be able to obtain gamma rays of dark matter. But this is just a theory.

Scientists believe that most dwarf galaxies lack important sources of gamma rays, with dark matter accounting for 99%. This is why physicists at Carnegie Mellon, Brown and Cambridge Universities got excited about getting gamma rays from Reticulum 2.

"Gravitational detection of dark matter can tell very little about the behavior of dark matter particles," says Matthew Walker of Carnegie Mellon University. "We now have a non-gravitational detection that demonstrates that dark matter behaves like a particle, and this is extremely important."

Of course, the possibility remains that this gamma radiation came from other sources that have not yet been determined. At the same timelast discovery of nine dwarf galaxies near the Milky Way gives scientists the opportunity to further explore this theory. published