After the overthrow of Tatar rule, gradually intensifying, the Russian state trucks paid their attention to the East, where endless plains occupied by the Hordes of Mongols were spread, and they were fabulously richly rich Indian kingdom, from where caravans who brought silk fabrics, elephant bone, weapons, gold and precious Stones. In this mysterious country, under the bright rays, the waves of a huge blue sea splashhed, in which multi-water rivers flowed along fertile lands with fabulous crops were splashing.

Flying in full and carried out in the distant cities of Central Asia, Russian, if they managed to return to their homeland, they reported a lot of interesting information about those places. Among our people were those who fascinated the idea to visit new places of blessed, distant, but also a mysterious south. For a long time they wandered over white light, penetrating into neighboring Central Asian possessions, experiencing often terrible adversity, exposing their life danger, and sometimes ending it in a foreign country, in heavy slavery and in the skies. The same, who was destined to return, could tell a lot of interesting things about distant, unknown countries and about the life of their peoples, dark-skinned pagans, so little similar on the subjects of the Great White Tsar.

Excerctory, and sometimes facilitious information of adventure seekers about the lands visited by them, their wealth and miracles of nature involuntarily began to attract attention to Central Asia and was the reason for sending special embassies to Central Asian states in order to establish trade and friendly relations.

The desire to east, in Central Asia, and for it, in the distant, full wonders, India could not be carried out immediately, and demanded that the conquest of the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian kingdom. On both sides, from the Volga and from Siberia, the conquest of Central Asian lands. Step by step, Russia was moved into the depths of the Caspian steppes, conquering some nomad tribes, building a fortress for the fencing of their new borders, while not advanced to the southern part of the Ural Range, which was made for a long time the border of the Russian state.

Cossacks, settling on the YaIK River, built the fortified settlements, which were the first stronghold of Russia against nomads. Over time, I was established by Yaitsky, subsequently renamed the Ural and Orenburg Cossack troops for the protection of oriental possessions. Russia has established himself in the new region, the population of which was introduced to the special, peculiar life of farmers, cattle breeders that could every minute to turn into the Cossacks-soldiers to reflect the raids of their militant neighbors; Kyrgyz, nomadic over the entire Northern part of Central Asia, won between themselves almost constantly caused a lot of concern to their Russian neighbors.

Cossack Wolnitsa, whoed along the YiIK River, in his life embodiment was not able to quietly expect when the Russian authorities recognize the timely declaration of the order about the new campaign in the depths of Asia. And therefore, enterprising, bold Cossack Atamans, remembering the exploits of Yermak Timofeevich, at their own risk and risk were collected by the gangs of Udaltsov, ready to go behind them at all times on the edge of light for glory and prey. Wood on Kyrgyz and Khivintsev, they beat herd and loaded with prey, returned home.

The memory of the people retained the names of Yaitskiy Atamanov Stupid and Chammah, who went to distant Khiva with strong troops of the Cossacks. The first of them from 1000 Cossacks at the beginning of the XVII century, going with the terrible speed of anhydrous desert, suddenly, like snow on his head, attacked the Khivinian city of Urgench and loossed it. Ataman Nechau with his detachment was moving with a huge way out of production. But it can be seen, not at a good hour came to the campaign. Hivinsky Khan managed to rush troops and overtaking the Cossacks, who walked slowly, burdened with heavy only. Seven days did not fight off from the numerous khan troops, but the lack of water and the inequality of the forces still led to a sad end. In brutally, the Cossacks were killed, with the exception of few, engrained by the wounds taken prisoner and sold to slavery.

But this failure did not stop the doouts-atamans; In 1603, Ataman Shamay with 500 Cossacks, like a vortex hurricane, flew to Khiva and defeated the city. However, as the first time, a bold raid ended in failure. Deliched Shamay because of the Gulba for several days in Khiva and did not have time to leave on time. Coming out of the city, pursued by the Hivints, the Cossacks were confused from the road and pleased to the Aral Sea, where they did not have a provisional; Hunger reached the fact that the Cossacks killed each other and devoured the corpses. The remnants of the detachment, exhausted, patients, were captured by the Hivints and graduated from the life of slaves in Khiva. Shamay himself, a few years later, was brought by Kalmyki on YaIC to receive redemption for him.

After these hikes, the Hivintans, convinced that they were completely protected from the north of anhydrous deserts, conceived to protect themselves from sudden attacks and from the West, from the Caspian Sea, where the Amudarya River flowed from Khiva. To do this, they erected across the river huge dams, and a huge sandy desert remained on the site of the century river.

Russia slowly continued its translational movement in the depths of Central Asia, and it was especially clear, it was especially clear when Peter, when the Great King was aimed at typing trade relations with distant India. To exercise his plan, he ordered in 1715 to send from Siberia to the steppe from the side of Irtysh, a detachment of Colonel Buchholts, who reached Lake Balkhash and built a fortress on his shore; But the Russians could not firmly correctly, only over the next five years, Buchholtsu managed to conquer the wiser tribes of Kyrgyz and consolidate the entire Valley of the Irtysh river more than a thousand miles completely behind Russia, the construction of the fortresses of the Omsk, Idyshevskaya, Zhelezinskaya, Semipalatinskaya and Ust-Kamenogorskaya. Almost simultaneously with the sending of Buchholts from the Caspian Sea, another detachment was sent, Prince Beckovich-Cherkassky, by the way with the instructions to let the water of Amu Darya, drove into the Caspian Sea, at its old channel, fallen dams a hundred years ago, the Khivintsents.

"The dam to disassemble, and the water of the Amudarya-River Paki to turn to the side ... in the Caspian Sea ... Further I need it ..." - So the historical words of the royal punishment sounded; and June 27, 1717 Detachment of Prince Beckovich-Cherkasi (3727 Infantrymen, 617 Draguns, 2000 Cossacks, 230 sailors and 22 guns) moved to Khiva through anhydrous desert, suffering terrible deprivation from lack of water and screaming South Sun rays, withsting almost daily skirmishes With Hivinets and donating their bones traveled path. But, despite all the obstacles, two months later, Beckovich has already reached Hiva, the main city of Khiva Khanate.

Khivintsy blocked the Russian detachment by the road, surrounding it from Karagach from all sides. Prince Bekovich was fighted for four days, while the bold onslaught did not inflict the complete defeat of the Hivints. Expressing subsension, Chivinsky Khan let the Russians in the city, and then convinced the gullible Prince Beckovich to share a detachment into small parts and send them to other cities for their most convenient accommodation, after which they suddenly attacked them, breaking and destroying each part separately. The conceived hike failed. Prince Bekovich-Cherkassky in Khiva folded his head; His comrades were killed in heavy captain, sold in slavery at the Khiva Bashers, but the memory of this unsuccessful campaign was long preserved in Russia. "Died as Beckovich under Khiva," said every Russian, who wanted to emphasize the uselessness of some loss.

They attack surprise. From the picture V. V. Vereshchagin

Although this first attempt ended in so tragically, and reached a hundred years to fulfill the grandeur of the great Russian king, but did not stop the Russians; And in the following reigns, the offensive continued on the same two ways scheduled by Peter I: Western - from the Yaik River (Ural) and Eastern - from Western Siberia.

As if the huge tentacles, our fortresses were stretched in the depths of the steppes until we were established on the shores of the Aral Sea and in the Siberian Territory, forming the Orenburg and Siberian line; Subsequently advanced to Tashkent, they concluded three Kyrgyz hordes in a strong iron ring. Later, under Catherine II, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe campaign in the depths of Central Asia was not forgotten, but it was not possible to implement it, although the Great Suvorov lived for almost two years in Astrakhan, working on the organization of this campaign.

In 1735, building the Fortress of Orenburg, which was a base for further hostilities, Russia established himself in this remote region, inhabited by Kyrgyz and Bashkir tribes; To stop their raids after 19 years (in 1754) it was necessary to build a new cashpost - the fortress of Iletsk; She was soon special significance due to the huge deposits of salt, the development of which was the convicts, and the salt was taken into the inner provisions of Russia.

This fortress, with the Russian settlement, was later called Iletsky defense and together with the Orenburg line, built in 1773. It formed the Orenburg line; From it gradually began to continue in the depths of Central Asia, continued continuously. In 1799, dividing the intentions of Napoleon I and recognizing the coming political moment convenient to fulfill the cherished goal to conquer India, Paul I, concluding an agreement with France, moved the Don and Ural Cossacks in Central Asia, giving his famous order: "The army gather in the shelves - Go to India and conquer you. "

The difficult task has fallen at the share of Urals. Having gathered to go hiking along the royal order, poorly equipped, without a sufficient food reserve, they suffered large losses and people, and horses. Only the arrogant detachment of the highest command of who joined the throne of Alexander I returned back Cossacks who have lost many of their comrades.

At the fortress wall. "Let them come." From the picture V. V. Vereshchagin

During this period, the Siberian and Orenburg defensive lines, which fired the Russian limits from nomads raids, were interconnected by a number of small fortifications put forward in the steppe. Thus, Russia moved even closer to the Khiva Khanty, and on the new line all the time there were minor clashes with Kirgizov and the Khivinians who made raids with the coxy of livestock, in virtue of people pronounced and selling them on the Khiva bazaars in un. In response to such raids, small detachments of deals were stuck in pursuit of the robbers and, in turn, captured at the first opportunity of cattle in Kyrgyz nomads; Sometimes, small detachments of troops were sent to punish Kyrgyz.

Sometimes the frequent raids of Kyrgyz attracted the attention of the highest power in the region, and then larger military detachments were sent out. They passed considerable distances in the steppes, captured hostages from noble kyrgyz, imposed contributions and beat cattle from those gods that made raids to the Russian line. But during this period, the offensive movement for a while stopped, and only in 1833 in order to prevent the raids of the Kaspian Sea to our northeastern limits of the coast of the Caspian Sea on the command of Nikolai I, the strengthening of Novoaleksandrovskoe was built.

Military actions in Central Asia from 1839 to 1877

By the end of the 30s. Over all of the Kyrgyz steppe began, the unrest began, which caused the urgent need to take measures to calm and waters among the Kyrgyz orders. Associated with the special powers of the Orenburg Governor General and the commander of a separate Orenburg Corps General Major Perovsky, arriving in Orenburg, caught the trouble among Kyrgyz in full swing.

For a long time, Russian detachments, border Kyrgyz began to move away from the Russian line into the depths of the steppes, and at the same time, among Russian citizens of Kyrgyz and Bashkir, the Orenburg Territory, supporters of the former liberty were confused, inciting them to evict them from the Russian limits.

At the head of the Kyrgyz childbirth, the Sultan Keynes Khan Kasimov, who belonged to one of the most significant and influential Kyrgyz clans who quickly submitted to his other Kyrgyz became the first of origin. Under the influence of campaign, Russian Kyrgyz wondered to leave Russia, but were detained on the border line and mostly returned back; Only a small number of them managed to break through and connect with the advanced Shays of Keynes-Khan, who already announced themselves with the independent domineering of Kyrgyz steppes and threatened with Russian settlements in the Siberian line.

In view of the developing unrests for the assimios, he was sent in 1839 from Siberia a detachment under the team of Colonel Gorsky, as part of half the regiment of the Cossacks with two guns; This detachment, having met Kirgizov's coping near Jeniz-Agacha, scattered into their part, taking this item.

On the side of Orenburg, in order to stop the robberies of Kyrgyz and release the Russian prisoners captured by them and Khivinets, and those who were in slavery in the Khiva limits, moved to Khiva a big squad, under the command of General Perovsky, consisting of 15 inches of infantry, three regiments of Cossacks and 16 guns .

Unfortunately, when discussing the issue of this new campaign, the lessons of the past and former failures were already redefined.

By building pre-strengthening on the Emba river and in Chushka-Kul and wanting to avoid summer heat, General Perovsky spoke out of Orenburg in the winter of 1839 and deepened in the steppe, holding a direction on Khiva, to the Emba River. Conductors served the Cossacks who were captured in the Khiva possessions, and peaceful Kyrgyz, who had previously been in Karavani. With a large build-up and wheeled weapon, secured by significant food reserves and circular in winter, the troops were keen on the steppes covered that year with huge snow bugs. But from the very beginning, the hike, nature as if he was rebuilt against the Russian troops. Snowy tumans and blizzards, deep snow and hard frosts prevented the movement, strongly tiring people even with small transitions. The infantry chases fell out of the forces fell and, immediately entered by the snowy blizzard, fell asleep with eternal sleep under fluffy cover. The winter's breathing in the same way adversely affected people and horses. Cing and Tif, along with the frosts, came to help the Hivints, and the Russian squad began to decrease rapidly. Consciousness of the need to fulfill their duty to the state truck and the homeland and deep faith in the success of the enterprise led Perovsky ahead, and this faith was transferred to people, helping them to overcome the difficulties of the campaign. But soon the food and fuel reserves almost dried.

In the infinitely long winter nights, under the head of the storm, sitting in the middle of the steppe in a kibitake, General Perovsky was tormented obvious already inability to achieve the goal. But, giving a detachment to the rest in advance built in the Chunka-Kule strengthening, he managed to bring the remnants of troops from the steppe and to return in the spring of 1840 to Orenburg.

Unsuccessful campaign 1839-1840. It clearly showed that the volatile expeditions into the depths of the Asian steppes without a solid consolidation of the space passed the construction of the support points cannot give useful results. In view of this, a new conquest plan was developed, which assumed slow, gradual progress in the steppe with the device in its new fortifications. The latter were caused by the need to take measures against Sultan Keyneshary-Khan, who united all the Kyrgyz childbirth under their authority and constantly threatening the peaceful life of Russian settlers.

In 1843, it was decided once and for all to end with the Sultan Keynes Khan, who made permanent raids and even under the walls of our fortifications who excited Russians in un. To perform this task, two detachments were sent from the Fortress of Orsk: Lobov's military elder (two hundred and one gun) and Colonel Bazanova (one company, one hundred and one gun), whose joint actions and managed to dispel Kirgizov's copies and take into battle of Sultan himself Keyneshary-Khan executed subsequently.

In 1845 it turned out to be possible to build on the line of rivers Irgiz and Turgai Fortress: on the first - Ural, and on the second - Orenburg, at the same time the strengthening of Novoaleksandrovsky was transferred to the Mangyshlak Peninsula with renaming it to Novopetrovskoe; Due to this, almost half of the western coast of the Caspian Sea began to actually belong to Russia.

Two years later, a detachment of General Oboschev was moved (four companies, three hundred and four guns) to occupy the northeastern coast of the Aral Sea and the mouth of Syrdarya, on the shore of which Obruchev built the strengthening Raimsk. At the same time, Aral military flotilla was established, and the "Nikolai" and "Konstantin" steamers began to cruise on the sea, attaching it to the Russian possessions; Later, they carried the transport service, carrying military goods and troops up Syrdarya.

At the same time, the entire Kyrgyz steppe to advanced fortifications were divided into 54 distances, at the head of which they put Russian chiefs, and to solve controversial affairs arising between individuals, established the congresses of Kyrgyz elders than and ordered to control nomads.

Meanwhile, the Russian troops of the mouth of Syrdarya, according to which the native vessels flooded, led to constant clashes and with the new enemy - Kokand Khanate, for which this huge Central Asian river flowed to the majority. Khivintse and Kokandans could not accept the strengthening of the Russians who prevented them to robbing and rob the caravans on the roads to Orenburg. To prevent raids began to send special detachments. Thus, the detachment of Colonel Yerofeyev (200 Cossacks and soldiers with two guns), having overtaking the copies of Hivintsev, broke them and on August 23, took the Khiva Fortress of Jack-Khoja. In the next, 1848 was captured and destroyed by the Khiva Strengthening of Hodya-NIAZ.

Gradually, settling the land around the steppe fortifications with the Cossacks and the settlers, Russia was supposed to take measures to protect them, and also prevent the breakthroughs of the Khiva Shakes to the Orenburg steppe, where the Kyrgyz population suffered from their raids; To do this, it was necessary to advance even south and push the Kokandsev and Khivintsev, making them a thorough defeat.

The plan of the offensive was developed, and since 1850 the simultaneous movement of Russian troops from the Siberian and Orenburg lines began. From the ride on the river or a detachment was moved for the purpose of the device, the construction of the fortifications and the reconnaissance of the Kokandy Tuchubek fortress. On the Orenburg line, the detachment of Major Engman (one company, one hundred and one gun), performing from Raemsky fortification, scattered Copsy Kokandsev, taking the Kas-Kurgan fortress from the battle. The following year, a strong detachment of Colonel Karbashev (five mouths, five hundreds, six equestrian guns and one rocket machine) again crossed the river or, smashed Kokandsev and completely destroyed the fortress of tuchubek.

The detachment of Major Angean (175 Cossacks and one unicorn), having met near Akchichy Bulak Kokand troops under the authorities of Yakub-Bek, the headwound broke them, turning them into flight.

At the same time, for the final consolidation of the entire steppe, which was adjusted to the Siberian line, was launched by the Cossack Stanza, and the Cossack line was established, on which the Anchus (Sergiopole), two hundred Siberian Cossack troops, two hundred Siberian Cossack troops were put forward to the Chinese town of Chuguchek; Of these, the Semirechensk Cossack army was subsequently formed.

Appointed again by the Orenburg Governor General, General Perovsky, familiarized with the state of affairs in the region, was convinced that the main supporting point of Kokandsev was the strong fortress of the Ak-Mosque, behind the strong walls of which they found shelter Kokandsev and from where the piles of robbers who made raids on our fortifications ; In view of this, in 1852, a detachment of Colonel Blameberg was sent (one and a half of the company, two hundred and five guns) for the production of reconnaissance Ak-Mosque.

A detachment, having passed a significant space and withstanding a few Natiskov Kokandsev, destroyed the Kokand fortifications: Kurgan-Kurgan, Chim Kurgan and Korgan, which reconcile the fortress of the Ak-Mosque.

Due to this, next year, he had the opportunity to send significant forces to conquer fortress (4.5 companies, 12.5 hundred and 36 guns) under the general team of General Perovsky. Having passed with a detachment in the heat of about 900 versts in 24 days, beating several attacks of the Hivintsev, General Perovsky approached the walls of the Ak-Mosque, who was considered impregnable, and sent a commandant to pass the fortress. But Kokandans met parliamentary shots, and therefore had to abandon the negotiations and take her with battle.

High walls and a strong garrison of ak-mosque were so impressive force that part of the walls decided to blow first. We made siege work that lasted seven days, and then, after the explosion on June 27, who made great destruction, began the assault, which lasted from 3 hours to 16 hours 30 minutes. During the assault, the brave commandant of the Ak-Mosque, Mukhamet-Vali Khan, was killed, and Kokandans, after desperate defense, were forced to surrender. Ak-mosque was renamed Fort Perovsky.

A heavy campaign that took the result of the taking a ski was evaluated by the sovereign, and General Perovsky for taking this important point, who had already sustained several Opija, was erected in County dignity, and the troops were generously awarded.

At the same time, they established a new Syrdarya line from the fortifications: Aral (Raimsky), Fort No. 1, Fort No. 2, Fort Perovsky and Fort No. 3 (Kumysh-Kurgan). Thus, the all-step from Orenburg to the Aral Sea and the Syrdarya River and the strengthening of the former Orenburg line, and the strengthened trade facilities and strengthened trade facilities were completed for Russia, and the strengthened trade facilities were completed.

Kokandans could not reconcile with the loss of ak-mosque, which was considered impregnable and withstood a whole series of Opija in the past. The huge copies of them, by the number of up to 12 thousand, with 17 guns, suddenly December 18 came to the Fort Pepovsky, in which there were 1055 people of the Russian garrison at 14 guns and five Mortira. Although the Fort itself was not completed at that time, but the head of the left flank of the Syrdarya line Lieutenant Colonel Ogarev, conscious of the nebigod of the siege, decided, despite the inequality of the forces, send a detachment of 350 infantrymen to Kokands, 190 Cossacks at four guns and two rocket machines under the skull team . Using the fog and carelessness of Kokandsev, the Russians approached at dawn to the Kokand camp at a distance of 400 kept, taking the sandy hills, and at 6 o'clock in the morning they opened a canonade.

After a short surprise caused by a surprise, Kokandans soon came to his senses and first began to respond to gun shots, and then, by going to the offensive, surrounded the squad and produced several attacks from the front and with flanks. But all these attacks with a big damage were chopped off by a booth and rifle fire. Then, having decided to cut off the detachment from the fortress, Kokandans sent part of the troops of their center and reserves bypass.

Fortunately, Lieutenant Colonel Ogarov, noticing the coverage of flanks, sent two teams to reinforcement, 80 people and 10 guns in each, under the superior of the headquarten of the Pogouri and Earrigner Alekseeva. At this time, Captain Shkup, finding out a significant weakening of the enemy troops and seeing the reinforcements that approached his rear, left three platforms of infantry and hundreds of Cossacks at position, and with one hundred and six, the infantry rapidly rushed forward, overturned the enemy shooters and captured all Kokand artillery and camp.

Although the remaining three platforms have supported a strong Natisk, but Kokandans were finally shot down by the Attack of Purgean and Alekseeva, as a result of which, pursued by four hundreds of Cossacks and Bashkir, retreated in disarray, lost in this battle up to 2000 killed. Our losses amounted to 18 killed and 44 wounded. The trophies were four Bunchuk, seven banners, 17 guns and 130 pounds of gunpowder. Lieutenant Colonel Ogarev for this glorious business was made directly to Majo-General, and Captain Skup - in the next rank.

Despite such a terrible defeat and loss of artillery, Kokandans began to cast new artillery guns in Turkestan, collecting all the copper dishes for this, and new troops began to focus in Kokand.

Conquesting of the Healing Territory (Semirchia). Siberia's movement was carried out with great success, and in 1854, the strengthening of the Alma-Ata on the Almatik River was built on the right and occupied by the Valley of the River or with an institution for the administrative management of the population of this region of the Healthy Department. The faithful base was used for further hostilities, initiated next year, in order to protect Kyrgyz, who submitted to Russia.

In the reign of Alexander II, the promotion of Russia in the depths of Central Asia went accelerated rates due to the fact that the head of the Russian troops acting on this outskirts were girder, the leaders - Kolpakov and Chernyaev. The activities of Lieutenant Colonel Kolpakovsky was extremely fruitful in the sense of consolidation of Russia's conquests within the seven-year, where Russian troops were conquered by Kyrgyz, nomadic in areas in contact with their borders with China. By the mid-60s. Russian troops have advanced from Orenburg to Perovsk, and from Siberia moved to the right, firmly attaching all the space near the fortifications.

But there was still a significant space between the extreme paragraphs of this border line, where Kokandans remained firmly, relying on a number of their strong fortresses - azret, Chimkent, Aulieat, Pishpec and Tokmak - and constantly exciting the worshii kyrgyz to hostile against Russian actions. By virtue of this, it was urgent to close our advanced lines and in such a way to finally cut off the contemptional Russia of Kyrgyz from the influence of Kokand. The urgency of the fulfillment of this plan was highest approved, and since 1836, the non-stop movement of Russian troops began again, in order to close the Syrdarya and Siberian line with the device of one common line of fortresses. The detachment of the colonel of the Homenth (one company, one hundred and one rocket machine) were conquered by Kyrgyz Large Horde of the genus, and the head of the Syrdarya Major Fitting Major Line (320 infantry, 300 Cossacks, three guns and two rocket cars) was taken from the combat of the Hivinsk fortification Khoja-NIAZ and February 26, the Skopia Hivintsev, supported by the Kirgizov who did not conquer Russia.

Next year, the head of the Head of the Head of the Head of the Head of the Headfield, with a detachment in one company, one hundred and two equestrian guns, conquered all the other rebeling gods of Kyrgyz and threw a 5-thousand squad of Kokandsev for the Chu River.

In 1859, the reconnaissance of the rivers of the river Chu and the Kokandsky fortresses of Tokmak and Pishek was made, and on the Syrdarya line - Yanidarya (Syr Darya sleeve). The detachment of Colonel Dandeville produced the intelligence of the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea and paths from the sea to Khiva. In the same year, the management of Kirgizov of the Orenburg steppe was transferred to the Ministry of the Interior. All the Sailing Territory became part of the newly instituted Alatau district, which had borders from the north: Kurta River and or (Lake Balkhash); from the west of the river Chu and Kurday (the system of Lake Issyk-Kul); In the south, it was not established in the east of a certain border, as military actions with Kokand, Khiva and Bukhari continued. There were no distinctions between the possessions of these Khantsia and Russians, as they were not identified border with the border regions of Western China, with which at that time there were no treaties in this regard.

The population of the new Alatau district and the Healiest Territory consisted of nomadic kyrgyz of various kinds, with a number of 150 thousand, officially considered Russian settlements, a small number of Cossacks, Russian settlers and Sartov, who made up a settling part of the population of the region, in which the administrative center was the strengthening faithful.

Wanting to avoid the oppression of Kyrgyz's kokandsky officials, who admitted the power of Russia in Russian, although it was poisoned mainly in the Russian limits, but often passed to the Kokand territory, mainly due to the fact that it was determined only by approximately around the flow of the Chu River for the sorts of Tien Shan.

The Kokandan authorities who have lost the transition of the height of the Kyrgyz population to the Russian citizenship of significant income, were collected by Podachi from them, and Kokand emissary, preferably belonged to representatives of noble Kyrgyz kinds, raised Kyrgyz to the uprising against Russians. To protect their new subjects, the Russian authorities had to send expeditions all the time to Kokandy possessions.

Gradually, due to concentration near the Russian line of the Kokand troops, the situation was quite difficult, especially by 1860, when Kokandans, intensifying at the expense of Bukhara, in addition to the collection of Dani from Kyrgyz - Russian subjects, began to prepare for the invasion of the Sylinding Territory in The strengthening direction is correct. They expected, making outrage among Kyrgyz, stop the edge of the edge with a cap, the only point connecting it with Russia, and destroy all Russian settlements.

To prevent the implementation of the ideas of Kokandsev, a detachment was formed in the sixth mouth, six hundred Cossacks, two hundred kyrgyz, 12 guns, four rocket machines and eight Mortira, and the Lake Issyk-Kul was sent two large detachments under the team of Lieutenant Colonel Shaightanov and the Tsvetnikov, Molded Kokandsev after a few rings to retreat from the lake in the foothills of Tien Shan.

At the same time, a detachment of Colonel Tsimmerman, moving to the Kostoshsky Pass at the strengthening of the bones, defeated the head of the kokandsev's head, invading 5,000 people in Russian limits. Going then Pass in August and September of the same year, the detachment took and destroyed the Kokandy fortress Tokmak and Pishpec, who served as the main supporting points of Kokandsev. But Kokandans began to re-focus their strength, restoring the Pishpek Fortress, and at the beginning of October their copies were closer to the Chu River.

At that time, the head of the Alatau District and the commander of the Zailovsky Territory was appointed Lieutenant Colonel Kolpakovsky - a man of rare willpower, disability and energy. Quickly appreciating the situation and recognizing him to be extremely serious, he immediately accepted a number of measures to counter the invasion of Kokandsev. Strengthening everywhere the garrisons of fortifications, he completed some of them, and then armed with all Russian settlers and trusty natives. The total number of troops under his team barely reached 2000 people, including predominantly Siberian Cossacks, who did not differ at that time with special combat qualities, and the militia collected from the locals consisted of completely untrained settlers.

The excitements among our Kyrgyz have already accepted so seriously that most of them moved to the side of Kokandsev, the forces of which were estimated to 22 thousand people. In view of these reasons, the position of the Russians in the Zaili region had to be considered critical.

Fortunately, the troops of Kokandsev consisted of a small number of regular sarbaz, and the rest were the police. The main boss was the Tashkent Bek Kanata-Sha, who used fame due to his successful actions against Bukhara. Going on the offensive, Kokandans moved from Pishpeca along the River Valley of the Kurdai to the Dutrena-Aigir River, towards the faithful, using the support of Kyrgyz, who began to move on their own way.

Hastily putting forward to the towards Kokandsev, Kolpakovsky put the 8th linear battalion in the stamp, four hundred and seven guns (Major Eklade); In Kurgan, Sasoruk - one company with a rocket machine (Lieutenant Syarkovsky); Uzunagach - one company, one hundred and two guns (Lieutenant Sobolev); in Kaselen - fifty; In the correct - two companies and fifty and, finally, the rest of the troops are in Ili and Zailovsky fortifications.

On April 19, on April 19, among 10 thousand people, under the superior of Alim-Bek, Uzunagach's superposition ended for them unsuccessfully, and they were repulsed with a big damage, retreating under strong fires of Russians, but immediately made a new offensive on the valley of the Kara Kastek River. Having received news about it, Lieutenant Colonel Kolpakovsky managed to assemble most of his strength in the evening of October 20 (three companies, two hundred, six guns and two rocket cars), and on October 21, without expecting the attacks of Kokandsev, the Russian squad quickly went to the enemy moving around the terrain, cut by ravines and a number of parallel heights. As far as the Kokand's troops appeared, as four guns left forward, ahead of the Cossacks, the lot was forced by Kokandsev to retreat for the next ridge. The tester of the enemy, the detachment reached the Kara-Kastek, where it was unexpectedly attacked from the flanks and the rear with the horses of Kokandsev, and the Rotaires of Syrkovsky was almost taken in captivity, but fortunately, they managed to rescue the sent two companies.

Without sustaining the volleys, Kokandans fled down and at that time were attacked by the whole detachment: from the left flank - Rota Shanyavsky, with the right - Rota Sobolevva, and in the center opened fire artillery. Rota Syrkovsky with a hundred and rocket, taking a position at an angle, guarded the right flank and rear of the detachment.

Throwing into an attack, the Rota of Sanavsky bayonets overturned Sarbazov, and after them, after several attempts to go to the offensive, they turned all the forces of Kokandsev. Despite the fatigue, the detachment pursued the enemy at a distance of two miles with a terrible, picking up at the same time from the Shakes of Kyrgyz, who rushed into a detachment from the rear and flanks. During the day, the detachment overcame 44 versts, withstanding a cruel eight-hour battle. Kokandsy lost up to 1000 killed and injured and hurriedly retreated by the Chu River.

As a general conclusion, in all wars, our in Central Asia until 1865 were never affected by the interests of Russia as terrible risk, as before the fight in Uzunaging. If Kolpakovsky did not accept decisive measures and did not take the initiative of the offensive on himself, it is difficult to say than the attack of the 20-thousandth mass of Kokandsev ended, especially if we take into account that the slightest success could attract all the Kyrgyz and Ili region to their side. The moral meaning of the victory from Uzunagach was huge, since she visually showed the strength of Russian weapons and weakness of Kokandsev.

Emperor Alexander II appreciated the meaning of Uzunagach battle and wrote on the relationship: "Nice deal. Lieutenant Colonel Kolpakovsky produce into the colonels and give George 4 degrees. About distinguished to enter with the submission, and all the headquarters and ober-officers to declare favor, the signs of the differences between the military order to send Gasford, according to his desire. "

In 1862, Colonel Kolpakovsky, setting the order in the management of Kyrgyz nomads, produced a new reconnaissance, going the Chu River (four companies, two hundred and four guns), and took the Kokand Fortress Mereke. After receiving the reinforcement, October 24, already with a detachment as part of eight mouth, one hundred and eight guns, took the fortress of Pishpec restored by Kokandam.

At the Syrdarya line, military actions continued, and in 1861 the detachment of General Debu (1000 lower ranks, nine guns and three rocket machines) were taken and destroyed by the Kokandy fortresses of Yani-Kurgan and Din-Kurgan.

Thus, the offensive of Russian troops to the kokand's possessions continued to be non-stop, and at the same time, our borders in the East were expanded in the Zaili region, and in 1863, Berukhudzir, Nosmurukh and Altyn-Emel Pass, and the Captain Potenko squad (two companies , one hundred and two mountain weapons) inflicted strong defeats by the Chinese.

In the late 60s, almost simultaneously with the military actions against Bukhara, the movement towards Chinese Turkestan and the conquest of the Healthy Territory continued. The restless nomadic population of Chinese Turkestan, who consisted of Kalmykov, has long been disturbed by its permanent raids of Russian citizens of Kyrgyz. At the same time, Chinese Dungan (Muslim Chinese) rose against the Chinese, who, seeing the complete inability to cope with their own, turned to the Russian authorities.

Considering this situation at the borders of the recently conquered as invalid and dangerous and finding necessary to take measures to pacify the population of the adjacent Chinese regions, General Kolpakovsky, with a detachment of three mouths, three hundred and four guns, moved in 1869 to Wessenian possessions. Here near Lake Sairram-Nor, having met the huge Cops of Taranches, he joined them into battle and scattered them, and then took the fortress of Kattagay from the battle.

But the Taranches and Kalmyks began to be repeatedly tightened by Borakhudzir, as a result of which the Russian detachment headed for this item and, applying a terrible defeat to these copies, took the strengthening Mazor and Horgos. However, the first of them he was forced to soon leave due to the small number of the Russian squad, and in addition, incited by the Chinese authorities, nomads and sedentary Taranches began to threaten Russian possessions.

In 1871, General Kolpakovsky with a large detachment (10 mouth, six hundred and 12 guns) again joined the Chinese limits, taking on May 7 with a fighting fortress and the city of Mazor and, pushing the Taranchinians to the Chin-Chatse fortress, took her storm on June 18, And the 19th - the fortress of Saidun, approaching the main city of the Zaili region of Kulje, who took on June 22.

Together with the occupation of Curdji, military actions ended in Semirchye, and the region, formed from the Alatuvsk district and the Zaeli region, was able to peacefully develop, entering Russia. Later, Cultsia and the area adjacent to it, occupied solely in order to pacify the population, after full calm it was returned back to China.

From the conquered lands, one of the richest regions of Russia was formed - Semirechenskaya, with the main city faithful, where the Cossacks of the newly established Semirechensky Cossack troops were on guarding the Russian border with China. With the appointment in 1864, the head of the West Siberian line of Colonel M. G. Chernyaeva and with the strengthening of the Troops of the Zailic Territory began a faster movement in advance due to the special energy and enterprise the new chief, which recognized it is possible to closely to the Zailic and Syrdarya line. There was already a minor space between the extreme points, which was penetrated by the cocks of Kokandsev, producing unexpected attacks and wave a Kyrgyz nomadic population, submissively submitted by the Russian to the first appearance of Kokandsev. Wild desert riders found this provision particularly convenient, as the opportunity to produce themselves with impunity and robberies hostile to them.

Recognizing the necessary, moving forward, to push Kokandsev, Colonel Chernyaev with a detachment of five mouth of the 8th Westnesian Battalion, 4th Rotes of the 3rd Westness Battalion, Rowed Rotes of the 3rd West Earth Battalion, Cossack Artillery Princess and 1st Siberian Cossack The regiment moved from Pishpeca towards the aulieatu and, appearing unexpectedly under the walls of this fortress, located on a significant hill, on June 4, took her storm. Two weeks later, they were sent by the Flying Detachment of Lieutenant Colonel Lerchae (two companies, fifty, two guns and one rocket machine), which, by going with the terrible difficulties, a snowy ridge of Kara-Bura, descended into the Valley of the Chirchik River, attacking Kokandsev, broke their creation and She conquered the Karakirgizov, nomadic in the Chirchik Valley. The main detachment of Chernyaeva advanced advanced, to the Yas-Kich, taking the chimkent on July 11, and passed from July 13 to July 15 with the battle to Kish-Tyumen.

On July 16, the detachment of Colonel Lerger (three infantry companies, one company equestrian shooters and two horse guns) was already expelled to the UKBulak's bouquet to connect with the troops of the Orenburg detachment, which from Perovsk came under the command of the Colonel Verevkin (4.5 companies, Two hundreds, 10 guns, six mortira and two rocket machines) and July 12, taking the Kokand City of Turkestan and strengthened in him, sent a flying squad of Maeier (two companies, one hundred, three guns and one rocket machine) to Chimkent and Next to the package of akbulak towards Chernyaev's troops.

Kokandans, having received information about the movement of Russian detachments on both sides, moved to Akbulak more than 10 thousand people; With these masses on July 14 and 15, it was necessary to enter into the battle by the Captain Meyer squad, who soon filed the assistance of the Luxellian squad approached. After the connection of both detachments, under the general team of the head of Lieutenant Colonel Lerger, withstring on July 17 a few attacks of Kokandsev, headed for a border of the Kish-Tyumen, where the main forces of General Chernyaev were located.

In five days, giving people a small rest, on July 22, Colonel Chernyaev went to Chimkent, making the reconnaissance of this strong fortress, but having met the huge masses of Kokandsev - up to 25 thousand people - and withstanding the cruel fight with them, the detachment of his forces, he retreated To Turkestan.

Only two months later, bringing parts into full order and waiting for the arrival of reinforcements, on September 14, General Chernyaev again went to Chimkent (three companies, one and a half hundred and two horse guns); At the same time, in the same direction, a detachment consisting of six mouths of infantry, one rhot of horse shooters and two guns was put forward under the command of Colonel Lercha. Connecting on September 19, both detachments met the troops of Kokandsev and, having joined them into battle, tilted them, taking the fortress with a battle.

On September 22, despite the strong garrison of the Chimkent, he started the assault on this that was considered an impregnable cockdere of the fortress, located on a significant elevation that dominated the surrounding terrain. The cruel artillery and rifle fire of Kokandsev did not stop the assault column, led by Colonel Lerger bursting into the fortress and who knocked out the desperately defended Kokandsev.

The news of the taking of Russian Chimkent assault quickly spread around, and all the Kokand squads hastily began to retreat to Tashkent, looking for protection behind his strong walls. General Chernyaev, wanting to use a moral impression from our success, September 27, that is, for the sixth day after the capture of Chimkent, headed for Tashkent with a detachment of 1550 people with 12 guns - only 8.5 companies and 1.5 hundred Cossacks. Movement This thanks to the speed and suddenness promised success, especially since there were many supporters of Russians who wanted to stop the war, ruining for merchants among Tashkent.

October 1, remaining under the walls of Tashkent, which consisted of up to 100 thousand people with a 10-thousand garrison and surrounded by the walls for 24 miles, Chernyaev, choosing the most weak point, began to bombard the walls in order to form a breach in them; This, apparently, managed to do, but when they moved the assault column under the command of the lieutenant colonel of the footage, it turned out that only the top of the wall was shot down, and the wall itself, closed by the fold and invisible was left, stood unshakable, so that climbing it without assault The stairs were unthinkable.

Loss of significant losses, including Lieutenant Colonel Obukh, General Chernyaev, was killed, due to the inability to take a fortress without siege work, was forced to retreat back to Chimkent. The troops also rushed to take a new assault, believing that they were not reflected by the cockdere, but the height of the Tashkent walls and the depth of the regions, which was fully confirmed by the lack of all persecution by Kokandsev during the waste of the detachment in Chimkent.

After an unsuccessful storming of Tashkent, Kokandans took the spirit, believing that the victory was left on their side. Mullah Alim-Kul, dissolving his rumor about his care in Kokand, in fact, gathering up to 12 thousand people, headed, bypassing the Chimkent, right to Turkestan, suggesting an unexpected attack to capture this fortress. But the commandant of Turkestan is a lieutenant colonel of pearls, wanting to check the rumors that came to him about the movement of Kokandsev, immediately sent a hundred Urals under the team of Esaul Serov. Not counting on to meet the enemy close, a hundred on December 4 spoke, grabbing one unicorn and a small supply of food. Only on the way from the oncoming Kyrgyz serov found out that the village of Ikan, the 20 versts from Turkestan, already occupied by the cockdere.

Considering it necessary to check this hearing, he led his squad on trots and, not reaching 4 miles to Ikana, noticed to the right from the village of Lights. Assuming that this is an enemy, the detachment stopped, drove to collect information of one of the applicants at the detachment of Kyrgyz, who almost immediately returned, having met the Kokand Track. Not knowing anything defined about the forces of the enemy, Serov decided just in case to move out for the night to the position chosen by him, but did not have time to pass the versts, as the crowds were surrounded by the crowds.

By ordering the Cossacks to hurry and arrange a cover from the sacks and fodder from the bags, Serov met Kokanders shots from the unicorn and rifles, instantly cooling the arms of the attackers.

The following attacks were also repulsed with a big damage for attackers. Kokandans, moving the versts to three, in turn opened a palp from three guns and falcontes, which lasted all night and caused a lot of harm and people, and horses.

In the morning of December 5, the fire intensified. Many Cossacks suffered from grenades and nuclei. Meanwhile, the main forces of Alim-Kula approached, the total number of up to 10 thousand people. Helding to the rescue from Turkestan, where two Cossacks were sent with the report, who night through the enemy location, the Brave Urals continued to shoot the whole day for their shelters. Although the wheel was crumbled in the unicorn by noon from the shots, but the fireworks of sins attached a box and continued to be non-stop, and the Cossacks helped artilleryrs, many of whom were already injured. Kokandans, annoyed by this resistance and fearing to attack openly, began to make an attack, hiding behind the arbami loaded with reed and barr.

Around the afternoon, from the side of Turkestan came the deaf cannon and rifle shots, for a while we encouraged the Cossacks, assumed that the help was already not far from the evening, but in the evening, Kokandans sent the Serov letter, in which they reported that the troops walking from the fortress to revenue were broken by them. Indeed, sent to the rescue of the detachment of 150 people of infantrymen at 20 instruments under the command of Lieutenant, Sukkuko approached quite close, but having met the mass of Kokandsev, retreated back.

Despite this, the news, Serov decided to hold on to the last extreme, making new ruffles from the dead horses, and at night again sending Cossacks Borisov and Black with a note to Turkestan. Through through the troops of Kokandsev, the bravers fulfilled the instruction.

On the morning of December 6, the Uralsham had to be very bad at all, and the enemy, preparing 16 new shields, apparently, assumed to be thrown into the attack. Without losing hope for help and wanting to win the time, Serov joined negotiations with an alim-kulule, which lasted more than an hour. After the discontinuation of the negotiations, Kokandans rushed with even greater fiercely to the dumps, but the first and three of their next ones were repulsed. By this time, all horses were killed by Kokandsev's shots, and out of the order of killed 37 and wounded 10. Serov saw that it was impossible to hold more, and therefore decided on the last remedy - to break through anything through the ranks of the thousandth enemy cavalry, For the cloud surrounding the squad, and in case of failure, we will fall into all in this battle, remembering the covenant of Prince Svyatoslav: "Dead Storm does not have."

Cossacks, rushing unicorn, with a cry "Hur" rushed to Kokandsev. Stunned by this desperate determination, those parted, missing deals and wiring them with a strong rifle fire.

More than 8 miles walked Uraltsi shooting, after losing their comrades murdered and wounded every minute, who immediately joined the kokandans cut off their heads. The wounded, some having five to six wounds, walked, supporting each other, until they fell completely exhausted, becoming immediately mining furious enemies. It seemed that the end was close and all this handstock of the brave fell in bones in the deaf desert. But at this last moment there was a movement among the attackers, and at once they fled down, and from behind the hills, the Russian detachment was shown, expelled from Turkestan to revenue. The wounded and exterminated Cossacks, who did not eat two days, planted on the carts and were lucky into the fortress. For three days, the battle was lost: 57 killed and 45 wounded - only 102, only 11 people survived, including four contudate.

The case under Ikan confirmed the clear invincibility of the Russians and prevented Alim Kulu to attack Turkestan. All the participants of the Jikan battle remaining were awarded the signs of the distinguishing of the military order, and Esaul Serov - the Order of St. George and the following ranks for the exploits, which are an example of a rare resistance, courage and courage.

Gradually, Kokandans cleared the whole area, General Chernyaev, considering it necessary to master the main reference point of Kokandsev - the fortress of Tashkent, came the second to its walls. After the reconnaissance of Tashkent, which made it possible to clarify that the Kamotan gate is the most convenient place for assault, the Military Council was collected on which Chernyaev discussed with subordinates the order of assaulting this strong fortress.

After the bombardment of the city walls of Chernyaev at 2 o'clock in the morning, he moved three assault columns under the team of Colonel Abramov, Major de Croa and Lieutenant Colonel Pearlovenov. A special detachment of Colonel Krayevsky was instructed to demonstrate from the opposite side of the fortress in order to distract the attention of Kokandsev from the Camotan gate. Taking assault staircases and wrapped the wheels of guns with felt, the assault column approached the wall.

Standing at the very wall outside the fortress Kokand Karaul at the sight of Russians rushed to run through a small hole in a fortress wall, closed by a koszyma. According to their footsteps, the heads of Hmlev and Juncker Zavadsky were the first to come inside the fortress, rose to the fortress walls and, the peroled bayonets servants, dropped down the guns. A few minutes later, the gate was already open, and fighters, Rota for her mouth, were part of the fortress, capturing the neighboring gate and towers; Rather then in the narrow streets inside the city, they took one strengthening after another, despite the rifle and artillery shooting, open from all sides by the cockdere. Finally, the citadel was taken by the columns of the pearl and de Croa. But due to the fences, there was continuous shooting.

It was extremely difficult to knock out the shelters of the enemy shooters, since the yield from the citadel was subjected to a cruel shelling. Then the military priest of the Architis of Malov, wanting to move people to perform a dangerous enterprise, highly raised the cross and with a cry: "Brothers, after me,", "ran out of the gate, and after him, the arrows followed, which, quickly by overgrowing a dangerous place, picked up the bayonets fences in the gardens and the nearest buildings of Kokandsev.

Meanwhile, the detachment of Colonel Krayevsky, noticing the enemy Connection, who approached Tashkent, rushed into an attack and quickly scattered her, and then began to pursue the crowds of the Kokandsev running from Tashkent. By gathering a detachment in the evening near the Camelan gate, General Chernyaev from here sent small teams through the streets of the city, who knocked out the sowing cocks; Since the latter continued to shoot, the artillery was put forward, re-opened fire around the city, in which fires began soon. At night, the troops were disturbed by small parties, but on the other day the detachment of Colonel Kraevsky again went around the whole city and, taking with battle and destroying the barricades, blew up the citadel. On July 17, a deputation was deputicated from the inhabitants and asked for mercy, giving rise to the mercy of the winner. The trophies were 63 guns, 2100 pounds of powder and up to 10 thousand shells. Esnik Ivasov and Lieutenant Makarov were especially distinguished when taking Tashkent.

Tashkent's occupation finally strengthened Russia's position in Central Asia, in which this city was one of the largest political and shopping centers; Having retained its value in the future, it became the main city of the newly formed Syrdarya region.

Conquest of Bukhara Khanate. Russian actions in 1864 and 1865 Regarding the conquest of the region, was particularly successful. In a short time, mastering a huge territory from Perovsk and faithful to Tashkent, Russia involuntarily began to threaten directly Kokanddu and Bukhara, who sent all his strength to curb the Russian movement. Their attempts in this direction were paralyzed by General Chernyaev, forced due to the attack of Buchants to the new Russian line again go to the offensive. Having reached the Bukhara fortress Jizzak, he inflicted a few defeats by the Bukhara troops, and then appointed after him by the military governor of the Syrdarya region General Romanovsky took this fortress.

However, despite the incurred defeats, the Bukhara Emir still did not believe that the Russians were forever occupied the locality behind the Syrdarya River, belonged to Bukhara. The surroundings of his dignitaries hid the true state of affairs, and therefore the confidence of the Emir in their forces was so great that, leading negotiations with Russians in order to only win time, he at the same time collecting troops, encouraging at the same time the attacks of Kyrgyz Shakes on new Russian borders .

As a result of this situation, General Romanovsky with a detachment of 14 mouth, five hundred, 20 guns and eight rocket machines moved to a border of Irrzara, where the 38-thousand militia of the Bukharians and 5000 Sarbazov at 21 guns focused.

Major General D. I. Romanovsky

The emergence of the Russian squad on May 8 was a big surprise for Bukharians, and, attacked by Colonel Abramov and Pistolkorsa, the Buchants immediately retreated, losing up to 1000 killed, six guns and the entire artillery park.

By giving a small rest of the troops, General Romanovsky decided to go to the Kokandy fortress Khodeven, where and went on May 18. Located on the Syrdarya River, Khodeven was a very strong fortress with a numerous garrison, to take the assault without preparation it was impossible; As a result of this, on May 20, the bombing of the city, which lasted with breaks until May 24 was appointed. On that day, the storms of the Hodgerent walls were launched by two columns under the superior of Captain Mikhailovsky and Rothmister Baranov; Although the assault stairs, unfortunately, were below the walls, but still, despite this and on the terrible resistance of Kokandsev, the Rota of Lieutenant Shorokhov rose on them, dropping and rebuilding defenders.

At the same time, the Rothmist of Baranov with his rotches under the hail of bullets, the booth, stones and the logs thrown from the walls climbed onto the walls and broke the gate. And again, as at the storming of Tashkent, in the front rows of the assault column walked with a cross in the hands of the proto-air of Malov, encouraging people with their example. After breaking the gate of the second inner wall, the troops entered the city, having met a lot of resistance on the street and knocking Kokandsev from each house.

Only in the evening there was a shooting, and the day the deputies with the expansion of complete humility came. When protecting Khodegen, Kokandans lost up to 3,500 people killed, the corpses of which were buried then for a whole week, we were 137 killed and wounded. Almost immediately after taking a walking in order to dispel the buckets of the Bukhara, who gathered in URA-Tyube and imagined a greater danger when moving the squad to Jizzak, General Ryzhanovsky approached this city and after the bombardment took his storm at dawn on July 20.

Strong artillery and rifle fire of Buchants from the walls of the fortress did not stop the storming columns who were walking under the team of Glukhovsky, Shaufus and Baranov; Just like when taking a hodeor, they, having taught the fortress, stumbled upon the column of the Bukhara troops, with which the cruel hand-to-hand fight was withstanding. The trophies were four banners, 16 guns and 16 ward cannons. The enemy's losses reached 2000 people, and our - 10 officers and 217 lower ranks were killed and wounded.

With the taking of URA-Tube in the hands of the Bukhara Emir, another item remained - Jizzakh, who owns which he could still hoped to keep the Syr Darya River valley due to the location of this fortress when leaving the gorge on the only way to Samarkand and Bukhara. In view of the non-treatment by this time from the Emir of the answer to the proposed conditions, General Romanovsky sent his troops to Jizzak, to which they approached October 12.

This fortress, surrounded by three parallel walls, was considered particularly strong, and therefore it was the storming of it without preparation was an enterprise too risky, in particular, taking into account that the garrison in it reached 11 thousand people. After the reconnaissance and the construction of the battery, from October 16 began the bombing of Jizzac, all the techniques and the speed of which were indicated to the presence of a large number of Bukhara regular troops in it, who were repeatedly shaking.

Wrongs of walls and bars, our troops began to prepare for the assault. But since it was noticed that for dawn, when the Russians usually started the assault, the Bukhar had a fire invented, they decided to change the time and storm at noon. On October 18, two columns of the captain of Mikhailovsky and Lieutenant Colonel Grigorieva, thanks to the surprise, quickly took the walls, climbing them on the stairs.

Buchants, apparently, at all waiting for the assault during the day, were caught by surprise and piled up the masses between the inner two walls; Despite the desperate resistance and strong, but random fire, the fortress was already in our hands. Buchants lost during the assault of Jizzak to 6,000 killed and wounded, while our losses were expressed in 98 people. The trophies were 43 guns, 15 banners and many weapons. Most of the Jizzakh garrison gave up, but some of them managed to choose from the fortress, run towards Samarkand.

But this terrible defeat did not form Emir, and on the Russian troops, who stood at Jizzac, began the attacks again, and Emir himself began to collect troops, sending small parties to Jizzak and calling the population to war with incorrect.

Attacks on a new Russian line soon so much increased that, without seeing the opportunity to incline Emir to the termination of hostilities, newly appointed at this time, Turkestan Governor General General von Kaufman decided to commit to Bukhar, which caused the behavior of which required to strengthen the Russian situation in Central Asia , applying a complete defeat by the Bukhara troops. In view of this, the Russian squad in 19.5 companies, five hundred and 10 guns, coming out of Jizzac, headed for Samarkand, who was considered not so much the capital of the Bukhara Khanate, but also a sacred city in the eyes of all Muslims. Emir Meanwhile, gathering a huge army, about 60 thousand people, sent it to Samarkand, where Buchants took the chapan-atin's heights in front of the city. The Muslim clergy called on all the faithful to the protection of the sacred city.

On May 1, 1868, Russian troops under the command of General Golovachev began to move the Zeravshan River. On the boobs in water, struggling with a strong flow, the company nestled on the opposite shore, moved to the attack on the height of Capan-Ata and the bayonets were knocked out the Bukharians from their positions. Without withstanding rapid and decisive onslaught, the Bukhara troops began to retreat; Most of them rushed to run towards Samarkand, looking for salvation behind the high walls of this strong fortress, but here they have been abused disappointment.

Residents of Samarkand, engaged in trade and agriculture, have long been told by the war that ruined them with unbearable servers; Therefore, knowing about the complete tranquility, coming in Tashkent with the accession of this city to Russian possessions, and the benefits acquired by the civilian population, they decided to stop the useless bloodshed; Closing the gate of Samarkand and not let the Emir troops, they sent the deputation to General Kaufman with a statement about his desire to surrender to the mercy of the winners. The next day, Russian troops entered Samarkand, the inhabitants of which opened the gate and brought the keys of the fortress to General Kaufman.

But, despite the fact that the main city of Khanate was in the power of the Russians, nevertheless could not be recognized by the defeat of the Bukhardians full, since the emir again collected his troops in Kata-Kurgan, where they joined him and the parts failed under Samarkand.

On May 18, Russian troops headed to Kata-Kurgan; They took his assault and, attacking June 2, the masses of Buchants, who took heights near Zerabulak, were overthrowing them to quickly and decisive ons. This bloody battle ended with a complete defeat of the Bukharians who applied to a messy flight; Only now Bukhara Emir, recognizing his work finally lost, soon signed peaceful conditions.

Meanwhile, large events occurred in the rear of Russian troops. Taking advantage of the onset of Russians to Zebulak, Shahrisabz Beci collected a 15-thousand army and besieged Samarkand, in which there were a small garrison (up to 250 people) and patients or weak (up to 400 people) under the general commandant of Major's commandant von stamp. This siege continued on the whole week.

A small number of tools and the need to take care of the cartridges created a particularly difficult position during the reflection: our weak fire was unable to stop the enemy, moving towards the fortress walls and even the scorched on them, from where he had to knock out bayonets. The attack followed the attack, and Shahrisaztsa climbed onto the walls like mad. Only manual grenades thrown by the defenders, for a while stopped with these ons. Several times the enemy tried to light the wooden gate, and also tried, making a subpople under the bottom of the walls, knock on them, thus opening the passage. Seeing his critical position, the commandant through the faithful jigita, disguised as a beggar, sent a report to General Kaufman.

Waiting for revenue again raised the spirit of the garrison, in the ranks of the defenders of which were all patients and wounded; But already on July 4th an enemy, making a break in the wall, broke into the fortress, although he was knocked out.

In the first two days, the garrison lost up to 150 people, but, despite this, Major stamp firmly decided not to give up, and in the case of capturing the fortress walls, shifted in the Khansky Palace. To maintain the Spirit of the garrison, he constantly produced the ribbles, setting in the nearest houses that Shahrisaztsians were covered. Already on the fifth day, the position of the deposited was desperate: the meat was eaten, people did not sleep the fifth day, and the extreme flaw was felt in the water. Having taped under the team of Colonel Nazarov, the defenders of the city received several rams and a little water.

Finally, July 7, when, it seemed, the delivery of the city was already inevitable, it came to the news about the approach of Kaufman's squad to Samarkand, and the next day the Shahrisazans quickly retreated from the fortress. Thus, the handful of Russians defended Samarkand, beating up to 40 attacks and losing the fourth part of its composition in battles. Among the particularly distinguished, the artists of Vereshchagin and Karazin were later known, while serving officers in Turkestan battalions.

On July 28, a peace treaty was concluded with the Bukhara Emir, on which all the land to Zerabulaka moved to Russia, but after that, military actions were not over; The uprising of the heir to the Bukhara throne of Katta-Tiura and the need to punish the Shahrisabz residents for the attack on Samarkand enclosed to send a detachment of General Abramov to suppress the recruitment. After splitting at the beginning of the Karshi Copsy under the city of Karshi, and then, next year, withstanding a cruel battle with Shahrisazans from Kouli-Kalyan lakes, Abramov took the city of Shahrisabz and China and lowered rebellious becks who fled to Kokand.

The conquest of Bukhara Khanate was completed by these last military actions of the Russian troops. With the death of Emir Muzafer-Khan Bukhara finally calmed down, and in 1879 a new friendship agreement was concluded, according to which Bukhara Khanate was included in Russian borders with the recognition of the Russian Protectorate.

The conquest of the Khiva Khanate. After the Russian troops of the left bank of Syrdarya, at which a number of our fortifications was arranged, Hivinsky Khan, still believing due to his troops and incited by the clergy, reopened military actions against Russians. The gangs of Hivintsev-Turkmen and Kyrgyz began to cross the Syr Darya and attack Kirgizov's nomadic, nominated by Russian citizens; Grabia and chopping their cattle, they created the impossible position for peaceful life.

Constantly Say of the Trouble and incitement of Russian citizens of Kyrgyz to the uprising against Russia, the Khivintans finally achieved their goal: major unrest and unrest arose among the Kyrgyz of the Orenburg Territory.

By the end of the 1873, the robbers followed from Orenburg to Persia and other Asian states of the caravans by the Khavinsky Turkmena, they were horrified on merchants, and raids on the Russian line and UTI of the prisoners took a massive character. To put the limit of this, the Turkestan Governor-General addressed the Hivinsky Khan with a written request to return all Russian prisoners, prohibit his subject to interfere in the affairs of our Kyrgyz and conclude a trade agreement with Russia.

The proposals were not accepted, Khan did not even respond to the letter of General Kaufman, and Navintsev's raids were so frequent that even Russian postal stations began to be exposed. As a result of this provision in the spring of 1873, the Russian troops were treated against Khiva simultaneously from four points as part of particularly formed detachments:

1) Turkestan (General Kaufman) - 22 companies, 18 hundred and 18 guns - from Tashkent;

2) Orenburg (General Verevkin) - 15 mouth, eight hundred and eight guns - from Orenburg;

3) Mangyshlaksky (Colonel Lomakin) - 12 mouth, eight hundred and eight guns;

4) Krasnovodsky (Colonel of Margozov) - eight mouth, six hundred, 10 guns - from Krasnovodsk.

Hivinsky campaign of 1873. The transition of the Turkestan detachment through the sands of Adam-Krylgan. From the picture N. N. Karazin

In addition, the Aral Flotily, which consisted of steamers "Samarkand", Perovsky and three barges, was applied against Khiva forces.

General management was entrusted to the adjutant general background Kaufman.

The heavy campaign was to the troops on unrefined deserts, where the occasions were occasionally with bitter-salted water. Bulkhaws, hot winds and a burning heat were allies of Hivintsev, whose possessions were separated by the apty space of deserted, dead deserts, who eased to the Khiva himself; Not far from it, all the detachments were to connect and simultaneously led to the Hivinsk capital.

The Turkestan and Caucasian troops, which counted in their ranks of many participants in the previous expeditions and steppe campaigns in their ranks. From the very beginning, Krasnovodsky, he had to go deep into the sands, meeting on every step of terrible, irresistible obstacles. After breaking the Turkmen at the well of the Idynd on March 16 and pursuing them with a burning heat over 50 miles, the Cossacks took about 300 captives and beat up to 1000 camels from the enemy and 5000 branners.

But this first success was no longer repeated, and further movement to the wells of Orta-Kui was unsuccessful. Deep sands, lack of water and the sultry wind were enemies, with whom it was impossible to cope with people, and the 75-Verstian desert to Orta-Kui turned out to be a barrier that was not able to step over; The detachment was forced to return to Krasnovodsk; Nevertheless, he brought great benefit to the common cause, holding the Tekintsev from participating in the defense of the Hivinsky possessions.

The Turkestan detachment went hiking by two columns - from Jizzac and Kazalinsk - March 13, and from the very first transitions began for him hard days. Spring was especially cold. Strong rains with winds and snow with a viscous, spacious soil made movement unusually difficult. Following the knee in a viscous clay, grooved through, extending from the ice wind, people barely beat the place of bedside, hoping to warm up from the fires. But the whirlwind with a snowy blizzard was taught and the fires extended, and once the whole detachment was barely died from frost. Since April, the heat began to change the heat with strong hot winds, showered with small sand and hampered breathing.

On April 21, Kazalinskaya and Jizzak columns were connected to the wells of Hala Ata, where the first time the Khivinians appeared before the detachment.

The wind blew daily with a terrible force, taking the clouds of sandy dust, covered the horizon. People have leather burst on his face, and despite the Naturalanniki, there were burns around the neck, and later eye diseases developed. At night, the wind broke the tent and poured sand.

Especially terrible was the transition to Adam-Krylgan's wells on huge sandy vegans, with a scorching 50-degree heat and the absence of vegetation. The name "Adam-Krylggan" itself means "man's destruction".

Horses and camels from terrible heat and fatigue began to fall, people began sunshine. With great difficulty reached the detachment of these wells, but, having rested and stacking with water, went further. The edge of the desert was adjacent to the shores of the multi-fashioned Amudarya, and no more than 60 miles remained to reach it. But this relatively minor distance was not under the power of exhausted people.

The heat stood unbearable, and bulk vegans climbed higher and higher. Soon the water reserves were spent, and the terrible thirst began to torment people. It seemed that the death of the squad is inevitable. But fortunately, Djigites, who were with a detachment, found covered wells aside from the road.

Step by step, stretching at a huge distance, there was a detachment six miles to the wells, losing weight of people, horses and camels who died from sunshine and thirst. Having reached the wells of Alty-Kuduk (six wells), they all rushed to the water, producing terrible mess. There were few water in the wells, and the troops were forced to wait for about them six days to recover. To make a stock of water to the further road I had to be again in the wells of Adam-Krylgan, where they sent a whole column with the burues.

Only on May 9, the detachment went to Amu DRA; This transition was scared again heavy, and on the night, Turkmen suddenly attacked, obviously, who decided to prevent Russians to Amu Darya and to the Hivinsky cities.

May 11 in the afternoon, huge masses of equestrian Turkmen, covering the detachment from all sides appeared on the horizon. Shots of Turkmen guns were continuously distributed. Almost at the Amu Darya, 4,000 Turkmen riders tried to restart the road again, but, bought off the card, were forced to retreat with a great damage. Renting by boats through the Amu Darya, the squad immediately took from Khoja-Aspa's battle.

Hivinsky campaign of 1873. Crossing the Turkestan detachment through r. Amudarya. From the picture N. N. Karazin

The unshakable courage and the Will's power of General Kaufman helped the Russians to overcome all terrible obstacles and go through the dead Khiva deserts, moved with a special hardness of all adversity and deprivation.

The Orenburg detachment under the team of General Verevkin in the middle of February made a campaign when 25-degree frosts still stood in the steppes and lay deep snow, which caused the need to clear the road. Behind the Embi River, the weather has changed, and when the melting began the soil snow, turned into a viscous meal, which made it difficult to move and caused large losses of horses and camels. Only from the eel, the transition became relatively easy and a sufficient amount of water appeared.

Having taking the city of Kungrad, near which the detachment met a minor resistance of the Hivintsev, the troops went on, all the time beating unexpected attacks. For kuncrad, the tour attacked 500 Turkmen. Convoedoying the Mostlements of Hundred Orenburg Cossacks Esaul Piskunova Lioh rushed headed with his commander to attack, and then, having disappearing before the enemy, made several volleys, diverting the attackers.

On May 14, the Orenburg squad was connected on May 14 with Mangyshlaksky, who, under the head of Colonel Lomakin, made a campaign on Khiva later than all others. From April 14, he also had to postpone all the horrors of the anhydrous sandy desert, making transitions during the scorching heat and passing within a month to 700 miles. But these difficult conditions did not affect people who preserved vigor, and only a huge decline in camels, the bones of which the entire traveled road was dice, pointed to the deprivation troops.

On May 15, both detachments performed under the general team of General Verevkin from Karabili to Hodgeli. The troops of the Hivintsev tried to block the path of the Russian at the beginning before Khodgweili, and then, on May 20, in front of the city of Mangit. The huge masses of the Turkmen at Mangita moved against the Russian detachment who met on the Natisk of the numerous enemy with artillery and rifle fire. The rapid attacks of our cavalry forced the Turkmen to retreat, leaving the city, and when Russian troops entered it, they were met by shots from houses. In the punishment of Mangit was burned down.

The overall loss of Hivintsev in the battles of the last two days reached 3100 killed, but, despite this, the Khan 10-thousand troops on May 22 at the exit of the squad from Kyat again attached to the Russians with great fierce. The strong fire of the head units of the detachment scattered these copies, and the Hivintans, ascent Earth, quickly retreated, and then sent ambassadors from Khan with peaceful offers. General Verevkin, who did not trust the Hivinsky Khan and did not receive instructions on peace negotiations, did not accept the ambassadors.

On May 26, the detachment approached the capital of the Khiva Khanate - Khiva, under the walls of which until May 28 began to wait for news from the Turkestan detachment. But the Turkmen intercepted Russian papers sent to the jigs, because of which, without receiving any orders, General Verevkin in the morning of May 28 moved to the city, behind the walls of which the Hivintans prepared for desperate protection.

Several guns were taken out of the city and the shooting of them interfered with the detachment to approach the goal. Then the companies of Shirvan and Absheron regiments rushed into the attack and beat two guns, and part of the shivers under the Captain Alikhanov team, in addition, took another weapon that stood aside and having fired our flank. During the shootout, General Verevkin was injured.

Fire of Russian guns and ripped grenades finally forced the Khivintans to clean the walls. A little later, he arrived from Khiva. The deputation was sent to General Kaufman, which on May 28 in the evening with the Turkestan detachment approached Khiva.

On the other day, May 29, Colonel of the Bobaeliev, taking the attack of the gate and the wall, cleared Khiva from the recalcitable Turkmen. By this, then reviews with all detachments and thanking people for the service, the commander-in-chief at the head of the Russian troops joined the ancient Chiva capital.

Returning at the request of Russian khan was again erected into the former dignity, and all the slaves who languished in captivity were immediately released, among more than 10 thousand people, through the announcement on behalf of the Khan of the following order:

"I, Seid-Mughamet-Rahim-Bogodur-Khan, in the name of deep respect for the Russian emperor we command all my subjects to grant freedom to immediately all the slaves. From now on, slavery in my Khanate is destroyed for eternal times. May this personitious matter serve the key to eternal friendship and respecting the whole people to the great people of Russian. "

At the same time, all Khiva lands on the right side of Amarya moved to Russia to form the Amur Discianity department, and at the Khiva Khan imposed an agreement in the amount of 2,200 thousand rubles for the military costs of Russia, and the Russian citizens were given the right of duty-free trade in the Hangey. But with the class of Khiva, hostilities at the Khiva Earth were not over; Turkmen who used slaves for field work did not want to obey the order of the Khan about their liberation and, gathered by the tremendous masses, intended to conquer, refusing the contribution imposed on them.

Finding it necessary to force the Turkmen to recognize the strength of Russia and to punish them for failure to fulfill the requirements, General Kaufman expelled against the recalcitable two detachments, which, having overshadowing them from 14 June from Aula Changdyir, entered them into battle. Turkmen defended themselves desperately: sitting on two horses with checkers and axes in their hands, they joked to the Russians and jumping out of horses, rushed into battle.

But the rapid attacks of the cavalry, and then rocket and rifle fire quickly cooled the fervor of wild riders; Turning to messy flight, they left up to 800 bodies of killed and huge arbian travels with women, children and all their property. On the other day, July 15, the Turkmen made a new attempt to attack the Russians from Kokchuk, but here they have suffered a failure, and they began to retreat. During the crossing through the deep dump they overtook the Russian detachment, which opened fire on them. More than 2000 Turkmen died, and, in addition, 14 villages were burned to the Russian detachment.

Having received such a terrible lesson, the Turkmen requested mercy. Savil deputies, they asked permission to return to their lands and to start paying the contribution, which was allowed to them.

It is noteworthy that the Russian troops, applying such a terrible defeat by Turkmen from Mangita, Changdyir and Kokchuk, did not know at all whom they belonged to; But the fate itself, in this case, obviously sent weapons: the descendants of the Turkmen, the treacherously of the exterminated detachment of Prince Beckovich-Cherkassky in the port, as it turned out to be subsequently exterminated by Russian troops. This instilled in the Turkmen unshakable confidence that the Russians knew who were their enemies and for the treacherous attack of the ancestors revenged 150 years later to descendants.

The Khivinskoye Hanice although it was left independent under the control of his khans, but, by performing the covenants of Peter, Russia put a special "watch" in the form of the strengthening of Petroaleksandrovsky built on the right bank of the Amudarya with a strong garrison.

The brilliant results of the Hivinsky campaign were among the destruction of slavery and the return of Russian prisoners in the final pacification of the Khiva Turkmen and in the complete submission of the Khanate of Russia; Khivi Khanate gradually turned into a huge market for the sale of Russian goods.

Conquest of Kokand Khanate. Next to the new Russian regions of the Turkestan region, the adjacent to them directly, there were lands of Kokand Khanate, for a long wars with Russia in the 60s. Lost all its northern cities and areas that were attached to Russian possessions.

Surrounded from the east and southwest by snow ridges, Kokand possessions occupied the lowland, wearing the name of Fergana, or a yellow earth. It was one of the richest places in Central Asia, which is a confirmation of which the legend is that in Fergana in the time immemorial there was paradise.

The numerous population of Khanate consisted, on the one hand, from sedentary residents of cities and villages engaged in trade and agriculture, and on the other hand, from nomads, settled on mountain valleys and the slopes of the mountains, where they nomaded with their countless herds and herds of sheep. All nomads belonged to the tribes of Karakirgizov and Kipchakov, who recognized the Hannaya power only nominally; Right and near, dissatisfied with the management of Khansky officials, they made an excitement, being dangerous even for the Khans themselves, which sometimes lowered, choosing others, at their discretion. We did not recognize any territorial borders and considered robbery a special feat, the Karakirgiza were extremely undesirable neighbors for the Russians, with whom they had old scores.

Kokand Khan himself, losing a significant part of its territory, stopped hostilities against Russians after taking a walk; But inside the Khanate, terrible troubles began, especially when Kipchak and Karakirgiza performed against thin-khan. In 1873, a certain impoverished Pulat, declaring himself Khan Kokandsky, attracted to his side of all dissatisfied. Feeding not to cope with its own forces with a rebelled uprising, Sudoyar-Khan turned to the Russians, and after the refusal gathered his troops, who pushed Pulat-Khan to the mountains.

Later, the nearest badge of thinner joined the charge; The rebellion broke out with a new force, and the riots in Khanate began to reflect on nomadic kirgiz in the border counties of the new Syrdarya region. Gradually, the uprising swept all the Khanate, and even the heir to the throne joined the rebels, as a result of which Khudoyar Khan was forced to flee to Tashkent. In order to prevent the movement of Kokandsev in the Russian limits to the borders of Khanate, Russian troops were moved.

Not satisfied with the robbers inside the Khanate, Kyrgyz for a predefined plan was made a number of attacks on Russian postal stations, between Hodgeny and Uraz-Tube, burned or destroyed them, apparently wanting to interrupt the message between these cities.

One of the Kyrgyz Shakes suddenly attacked Murza-Rabat station, which was the stroke of which was the turn of the 3rd rifle battalion Stepan Yakovlev. Kirghiz wascherchiki when approaching Kokandsev immediately rode, and Yakovlev was left one to defend the state property entrusted to him. The postal station had a form of a small fortification with two towers in the corners. Bottling and torn the gate and tanning the windows, Yakovlev charged two guns and a rifle and settled on the tower, from where the surroundings were visible. Two days shot a brave shooter, struck by the shots of the besieged station of Kyrgyz and the Earth as amedled by their bodies.

Finally, seeing the complete impossibility of breaking inside the station, Kyrgyz had threw dry clover from her walls and set fire to it. His shrouded in Smoke, I decided to break through to the tower standing unveiled above the spring.

Throwing through the gate, he laid a few people with a bayonet, but, without rewarding steps to fifteen to the goal, fell under the blows of the attackers. On the spot where the glorious shooter was killed, they later set a monument with the inscription: "Arrow Stepan Yakovlev, a valiantly fallen on August 6, 1875. After the two-day protection of the Murza-Rabat station against Kokandsev."

On August 8, to 15 thousand Kokandsev unexpectedly approached the city of Hodgeny, but were repulsed by Russians with great damage. The need to discard Kokandsev's copies made the same General Kaufman to move troops to the Kokandy limits from Tashkent and Samarkand, which was completed on August 11. General Golovachev broke a 6-thousand coping in Zyulfagar, and on August 12, Russian main forces were made in the goalite direction under the authorities of Kaufman himself; The Flying Detachment of Colonel Skobelev from Two hundreds with a rocket carcass, withstood a number of small skimns, was sent ahead, while all Russian troops gathered under a walk-of-day infantry mouth, eight hundred, 20 guns and eight rocket machines. The head of the cavalry was Colonel Skobelev.

On August 22, the Kokand Cabinnie at the Karochma attacked the Russian squad on Bivak, but, who was shot down with a big damage, was forced to retreat. When the troops starred from Bivak and moved from the place, the huge crests of Kokandsev appeared from all sides, striving to cover Russian equestrian parts, which they were afraid of incomparably less than infantry. Shot on all directions, the detachment approached the shores of Syrdarya, where the Kokand Fortress Mahram was located with a well-fortified position, with which it was necessary to knock out the enemy.

Fire from 12 guns was opened to prepare the storming of the fortress, for which Kokand's cannons from Ambrazur began to answer. Perfectly shot artillery soon forced to silence the enemy, after which two battalions were moved under the command of General Golovachev at the storm strengthened position; The 3rd company of the 1st Rifle Battalion of Staffs-Captain Fedorova, having moved through the ditch with water, jumped into strengthening and, bayoles of the defenders, took 13 guns; And the three companies of the 2nd rifle battalion of Major Renau captured eight guns.

The 1st rifle battalion was directed to the assault on the Machram Fortress the 1st Rifle Battalion with a strong rifle fire with fortress walls. Runing to the gate and breaking them, the companies of this battalion quickly occupied the Face fortress and opened a frequent fire on the kokandsev crowds fled to the banks of the river. An hour later, the fortress was in our hands and a rifle battalion icon was waving over her. The trophies were guns taken with battle: 24 - at a fortified position and 16 - in the fortress, only 40 guns.

Simultaneously with the motion of infantry on the assault position for the cover of its right flank, a cavalry was put forward, which fired her enemy position from the flank, and the rockets seemed to the horse crowds of Kokandsev. After that, Colonel Skobelev went to the rear of the enemy location to cut off the path of the retreat parts of Kokandsev. Leaving a half-length for the cover of artillery, the scarevians with the division quickly approached the Machram gardens, while moving through a wide and deep ravine.

At this time, on the shore of Syrdarya, the mass of retreating cockderes with guns and icons seemed. Without a minute, without a minute, the Skobeliev at the head of the division rushed into the attack on these huge crowds, handed over to the first in the middle of the cockdock infantry together with the military elder rodgean and senior Wahmistrome Crimea. This dying laid made a terrible panic in the ranks of Kokandsev who appeal to messy flight. Taking two guns with battle, the Cossacks of Candands chases more than ten miles, but, stumbled upon a suddenly new copies, a number of up to 12 thousand people, the scareves, who put several missiles on them, returned to Mahrama, because the forces were unequal, and people and horses too tired. The battle trophies under the mahram were 40 guns, 1,500 guns, up to 50 Bunchukov and banners and a lot of gunpowder, shells and food reserves.

Subsequently, it turned out that under Machram, all the forces of Kokandsev were focused, a total of up to 60 thousand people. Abdurahman-autobachi himself who commanded the troops, the victims of such a terrible defeat, fled with insignificant forces.

The moral meaning of the Machram battle was extremely great and clearly showed the strength of the Russian troops. The Makhram Fortress was addressed to the support and share point, and it was left in it a Russian garrison of two mouths and 20 Cossacks.

The defeat of the Kokandy troops opened the road to Kokanda, and on August 26, General Kaufman moved to the capital of Khanate, which was occupied on August 29; Khan Nasre-Eddin, exploring complete submission, throughout the stay of General Kaufman was to him daily with a report on the complete peace of mind, coming among the urban population. At the same time, extremely disturbing news came from the eastern part of Khanate, confirming that the rebels were gathered under the leadership of Abdurahman-autobachas again in the cities of Margilan, Asaki and Osh. With the arrival in Kokand transport with reserves, General Kaufman went to Margilan, the inhabitants of whom not only sent deputies, but also brought nine cannons.

On the same night, Abdurahman left Margilana, throwing his entire camp. To persecute, he was sent a detachment of six hundred, two inches of infantry and four guns under the command of Colonel Skobelev. A strong spirit and distinguished by insane courage, the future commander pursued the rebels to non-stop according to valleys and mountain gorges to a bunch of Ming Bulak; Here the first thing happened with the troops of Abdurakhman-autobacres. Without withstanding the onslaught, Kokandans retreated, and the Cossacks, pursuing them at a distance of more than 10 miles, captured a lot of guns and an arb with property. Only the extreme fatigue of horses and people overcoming before it up to 70 miles, forced Skobelev for a while to suspend the persecution and after rest moving to Osh.

This decisive raid made a great impression on the natives, in the eyes of which his impotence fell in the eyes of the automotive and sharply, his impotence was discovered; From the cities of Andijan, Balykchi, Sharyhan and Asaka, one after another began to arrive at General Kaufman deputation with plenty of complete humility. The total peace-loving mood of the inhabitants and the transition to our side of the main assistants of the autobach served as evidence that with the uprising almost end; Recognizing the goal of the campaign, General Kaufman concluded an agreement with Kokand Khan, according to which the entire area on the right bank of the Naryna River with the city of Namangan went to Russia with the formation of the Namangan department, where Russian troops were pushed.

But it turned out to be premature solutions, and as soon as the Russian troops were gone, again in Khanate, there were even greater unrest, especially in Andijan, where Gazavat was announced, that is, the sacred war against the wrong. In view of this situation, the Russian troops had to send a team of General Trotsky to Andijan; Here, the city is located 70,000 Abdurahman-autobachi army and 15 thousand Kyrgyz under the leadership of Pulat Khan. By charging the Skobelae to make a reconnaissance, Trotsky approached Andijan on October 1, and a rapid, decisive on its advanced detachment, despite the terrible rifle fire and desperate defense, took the nearby hills, and three assault columns under the team of Colonelov Squarev, Aminova and Meller-Komelsky were moved To the city where the defenders knocked out bayonets.

This circumstance immediately took advantage of Pulat Khan, rushed with his Kirgizov on defenseless, in his opinion, Vengenburg. Meeting with shots from two guns, and then rifle salts of the fighters left to protect the overall by the command of the lieutenant colonel, Kyrgyz, without preparing, for a while scattered.

At the head of the first assault column, the screel himself was driving. The powder smoke was smoking on the streets, as a result of which the column because of poor visibility completely unexpectedly found himself before the break, from where Kokandans showered the fighters of the carriage. With a cry of "HR", the arrows on the body and, the bayonets of his defenders rushed, took the gun, opening the road to the fortress.

Andijans fought with a terrible bitterness, using each closure and shooting with roofs of houses, because of the trees, with mosques, protecting every courtyard and garden. This stubborn resistance has further opened the soldiers.

Colonel Colonel Aminova also made his way with great difficulty, and under the constant Natius of the enemy cavalry, which attacked the rear.

The column of Meller-Okomelsky after taking several rules, folded from ARB and BRUSEV, had long had to knock out Andijans who took a separately standing big mosque.

About 2 hours of the day, all three columns agreed to the Khan's Palace, and then, coming out of the city, General Trotsky bombarded him than he produced big fires and destroyed a significant part of his defenders. All the surroundings were lit by the glow of a fire, and the bombing continued all night, which forced the last remnants of Andijans to turn to flight, especially the Russian grenade exploded at the meeting with Abdurahman-autobach, having interrupted many participants.

The prisoners subsequently said that almost all the troops of Khanate were collected in Andijan, designed to protect Muslim against incorrect urusov, and that all participants in front of the fight were giving an oath to defend Andijan to the last drop of blood, as a result of which Kokanders fought with such inspiration and perseverance.

But this pogrom did not form Andijans, and after the care of the Russian troops, a new rebellion against Kokand Khan, led by Pulat Khan, flared up with terrible force. Appointed by the head of the Namangan department, General Skobelev was forced to approach the city, breaking the Kokandsev's copying under Asak; Pulat-Khan himself managed to run, and then gathered many supporters again. At this time, Kyrgyz, using the smutwood, attacked Russian Kouroshinsky county.

Skabeliev, recognizing it necessary to finish with Pulat Khan by anything, on October 24 made from Namangan towards the city of Chustowa with three companies, one and a half hundred and four guns. With the departure of Russian troops, a people's uprising began in Namangan itself, and the inhabitants of him with the help of the boiled Kipchakov were siege to the Namangan fortress from all sides. For three days, Russian troops reflected the attacks of the enemy to the fortress that are not fully shown in the defensive state, making constant ribs.

Fortunately, on October 27, General Skobelev, who learned about the uprising began. Going to Namangan, he bombarded a rebellious city, the inhabitants of which, who had a big damage (up to 3,000 killed and wounded), asked for mercy.

But this lesson had a little affected by Kipchakov, and again they soon focused on 20 thousand people near the city of Balycchi, under the superiors of Vali-Tiura Khan. Crossing Vyod River Naryn, General Skobeliev headed with the 2nd Rota of the 2nd Rifle Battalion and a semisal horse gunners at the assault of Balykchinsky Ovalov; Artillery opened fire, and Cavalry was sent bypassing the city to block the retreat to the enemy. Quickly taking three ripples with battle, the assault column took the bazaar, where she came across equestrian kips, detained by their own bomb. Under the fire of shooters in this crap, the boil fell rows, damaging the whole street. The overall loss of the enemy amounted to 2000 killed and wounded.

Cleaning the edge of the Shakes of Mramajanov, Skobelev went to Margilan, where the mass of Kipchakov focused again. Wanting to indispens your defeat on our prisoners, they were taken out in Margilan to the square, demanding to adopt Muslim, but since Russian soldiers remained hard, then their brutally stabbed. The ONTER-Officer of the 2nd Rifle Battalion Foma Danilov was subjected to prolonged painful torture: cut off the fingers, cut the belts of the back and roasted at coal. Despite terrible pain, the martyr remained adamant and died, leaving a long memory of his unshakable courage, even among the enemies.

At this time, Pulat Khan, solemnly walking in Kokand, began to collect new adherents there.

Running on the road all the villages, abandoned by residents, Skobelev sent a strong detachment into the mountains, where they were taken by the rebels of their family. Seeing then its hopeless position, part of the Kipchakov sent a deputation asking for mercy. Having impacted the contribution and demanding the issuance of the leaders of Gazavat, the scareboards again approached Andijan and, making the reconnection of the approaches, decided to storm the city, for which the assault stairs, taran, axes and an incendiary material were harvested. Before the assault, it was proposed for the Andijans to surrender, but from the heded parliamentaries, the first came back unanswered, and the second was stabbed and his head was put on the wall.

On the morning of January 8, after a prayer and volley from 12 guns, an advanced squad of Esaul Shtaykelberg (one company and fifty Cossacks) took the suburban village of Ekimsk, and then began the bombing of Andijan, during which it was released up to 500 shells. Exactly at noon, huge horseback masses of the Kipchak suddenly attacked from behind our Wagenburg, but the Major Renau commanded them beat off with a rifle fire. At the same time, under the roar of the column of the colonels of Baron Meller-Komelsky and Pieces and Captain Ionov moved to the assault on the ass.

The enemy, apparently, was waiting for attack on the part of the Andijan-Say ravine, according to which the Russian troops were walking on the assault three months ago, and therefore it strongly strengthened his position in this place. Noticing his mistake, Andijans began to build new ripples and fortifications, shining at the same time Russian troops hail bullets. The columns of Captain Ionov were directed to the height of Gul-Tube, strongly fortified, dominated over the city and, as if Citadel. Taking one challenge after another, the shoots of the 1st battalion on the height and, the bumps of her defenders, approved their icon on it.

But the city itself had to take with battle, as each sack, and in the particular madrasa and mosque, surrounded by high walls and those engaged in those who had fallen behind them, were something like little fortresses. From the evening and all night, our batteries sent their shells in those places where shots were heard from. The mass of shells, with firing the air and squeezed yards, producing fires, made most of the Kipchakov, together with Abdurakhman, seek salvation in flight.

On January 9, the city's streets were cleared of the collapsies sent by Roths, and on January 10, Andijan was finally finally in our hands, and Skobeliev took the Khansky Palace, before whom the Thanksgiving Prayer was served. At the height of Gul-Tube, they arranged to 17 guns and put a Russian garrison. At the Andijans imposed an ending.

But after the occupation of Andijan, the edge was still far away. Scattered around the Khancy of the gangs of Kipchakov worried a peaceful population, attacking at the same time on Russian squads, as a result of which a purely partisan war began.

Having decided to finally clear the Khanate from the rebels, the bobels with a detachment of two mouths, hundreds of equestrian shooters, five hundred Cossacks, four tools and a missile battery headed to the city of Asak, about whom they focused up to 15 thousand kips under the superior of Abdurakhman-autobachi, apparently in The last time I decided to enter into battle with Russian troops. The shelling of Asaki and heights occupied by the enemy, the detachment, crushing through a deep ravine, climbed at heights and quickly knocked the enemy, and the Cossacks of the Liya attack scattered 6-thousand sarbaz columns, which made the reserve. The victims are complete defeat, Abdurahman-Avtobachi 28 January surrendered to the mercy of the winners.

On February 12, the Russian troops again took the city of Kokand, and Kokand Khan Nasre-Eddin-Khan was announced that Khanate joins Russia forever.

Having managed to run with a small part of his adherents, Pulat Khan was still trying to continue the uprising, leaving the mountains, until he was caught and by order of the Governor-General KazNen in Margilan, at the place of his brutal violence with Russian prisoners. The former Khan Khan Nasre-Eddin Khan and Abdurahman-autobacobachas were sent to Russia.

But the Karakirgiza, accustomed to the Khansky times to their peculiarity, could not calm down for a long time. For the cessation of unrest, Skobeliev spoke towards Gulce with three hundred and one rocket machine. Then, taking out the exits from the mountains to the Fergana Valley in small detachments and forming several volatile squads under the team of Colonel Meller-Okomelsky, he himself with two Rotations of shooters, half-length Cossacks, one mountain weapon and two rocket machines moved from the city of Osh to the Alai Range, sent bypassing Two columns - Major Ionov and Colonel Prince Wittgenstein.

Carakirgiza, who initially had strong resistance, began to quickly retreat, lost damage. During one of the search by the squad, Prince Wittgenstein was captured by Queen Alay Marmonjok-Dutch, who managed Alai kirgiz. Since the Alai Queen, who used great influence, recognized the power of Russia, and the Carakirgiza expressed soon complete submission. Thus, the actual accession of Kokand Khanate to Russian possessions has ended.

From Fergana, a Fergana region was formed with the foreground with the appointment of the first military governor of its conqueror, General M. D. Skobelev. In memory of him, the main city of Novomargilan was renamed Bobalev.

Together with the conquest of Kokand Khanna, the conquest of Turkestan was completed, which gave Russia the opportunity to finally and firmly establish itself in Central Asia.

Characteristics of the main workers to conquer the Turkestan region

General Adjutant General from infanteria M. D. Skobelev. There are happy names that, having received fame after the lifetime of the figures themselves, after their death are transmitted from one generation to another, getting up in memory of people in all their gigantic growth, and the exploits of such persons surrounded by legends are especially strongly in the presentation of the people; These are some kind of warriors, not only standing on the head above their contemporaries, but also have special properties that allocate them from among all other people who have received fame. To them undoubtedly belongs the name of the adjutant general M. D. Skobelev.

The young headquarters, at the end of the Academy, arriving in the Turkestan region in the midst of hostilities, he soon, even among the challenged, who were in the battles of Turkestans, stood out with their amazing self-confidence and courage. The ability to the initiative, a great power of will, the speed in making decisions declared itself already in the first years of the service of the young officer. For outstanding on courage and straighteness reconnaissance from Hiva and the wells of the Idynd and Ortakov, on the territory engaged by Turkmen hostile to us, was awarded the sign of the chalivers - the cross of St. George 4th degree.

It was the head of the cavalry, then fulfilling responsible orders, the skabelievs with the onset of Russian troops to Kokand Khanate, he already commands a separate detachment. In a number of cases in which he participated, the talent of the future commander began to deploy the talent, and the constant success, which accompanied them, served as a clear confirmation of the correctness of his views and decisions taken. Having affecting the enemy by a quick and decisive blow, Skobelev produced his insane courage a special impression not only for his troops, but also on enemies.

On a white horse, invariably in the White Kittel, Mikhail Dmitrievich in battle was always ahead, encouraging all with a personal example, amazing calm and full contempt for death. The soldiers were guarding their boss and were ready to go behind him into the fire and water.

Adjutant General M. D. Skobelev. From the photo taken in Geok-Tepe on February 12, 1881

Amazing happiness, thanks to which there was never a hundred times under fire, he was never injured, gave rise to the legend in the Turkestan troops that he was spoken by bullets. And this legend, raging, surrounded his name with a special halo. With all the soul, loved military affair, the conqueror of the Kokand Khanate later participated in the Russian-Turkish war, and later the Caspian region conquered Russia.

Awarded by the orders of George 3rd and 2nd degree, having achieved in the service of the full general general, he suddenly died suddenly, attaching the whole of Russia into deep grief, leaving the bright memory in the troops and the Russian people. Cork was Mikhail Dmitrievich military activities. As a meteor, he flashed with his bright feats and disappeared into eternity. But the memory of him will not die in Russian troops, and his name is recorded gold letters on the pages of the history of the Russian army.

The partisan war, a number of major uprisings, the Sacred War, declared in Kokand Khanate, forced Mikhail Dmitrievich to lead a long and tireless struggle for the accession of Central Asia to Russia. The militant boiled boils, Karakirgiza and Kokandsy fanatics represented completely armed people, to conquer which could only be possible thanks to fast and terrible strikes, which only one M. D. Skobelev was able to apply with obstacious art.

Surrounded by a haze of mystery, stories about combat exploits and life M. D. Skobelev, transmitted from generation to generation, have long allocated it from the environment of ordinary people and counted among the richy of the Russian land, which he was actually in spirit, exclusive courage, Harot and wonderful military talents.

There are people legends. They will not catch the everyday measure. Divide them near difficult. And their validity, and their weaknesses do not fit into the usual framework. These giants compared to the rest of humanity, and such, in fairness, must be recognized by M. D. Skobelev, who won the immortal glory. And the monument in Moscow erected to immortalize his name - only a modest tribute to the descendants of this hero, crowned with glory during his lifetime and leaving eternal memory about himself.

Adjutant General K. P. Kaufman. General Kaufman belongs to the number of few people who have won honorable fame with their works for the benefit of Russia in the conquest and arrangement of Central Asian possessions. Richly gifted from nature, Konstantin Petrovich was an outstanding warlord, a thoughtful administrator and a good and responsive man.

Just the conquered Turkestan region demanded a lot of work and skills to cope with the difficult position in which he got, being between Bukhar, Khiva and Kokand, subsequently conquered on the instructions of Kaufman and with his direct participation by Russian troops.

As a person comprehensively educated, he, managing the Turkestan Territory, addressed enormous attention to the study and scientific research of its territory.

Persistent, he always began the started thing to the end, despite obstacles, thanks to which even such an extreme difficulty as the Khivinous campaign, where the troops had to fight with the nature itself, was completed with full luck. With his personal example, General Kaufman supported the cheerful mood of the troops, who saw his disappointing energy and readiness to transfer all adversity for the achievement of the goal.

A long, almost 30-year period of its administrative activity in Turkestan gave major results and brought into this country, for a long time in a state of almost complete anarchy, after the despotic rule of Khanov, permanent interdiscructures and wars for the Khan throne, the beginning of citizenship, allowed the numerous population calmly Do peaceful work, not afraid for your life and well-being.

Adjutant General K. P. Kaufman

The fruitful activity of General Kaufman contributed to the firmly establishment of Russia in their new possessions, turn average Asia into an integral part of the Russian state and raise the Arazol of Russian power to an inaccessible height.

Lieutenant-General M. G. Chernyaev. Among the names, jealously persisted in the memory of not only the army, but also the Russian people, the name of the conqueror of Tashkent M. G. Chernyaeva occupies a prominent place.

Despite the relatively short period of stay in Central Asia, General Chernyaev left a bright mark in this distant edge.

Modest, but who knew the price, extremely independent, with the disadvantaged power of will, M. G. Chernyaev was especially close to the heart of the Russian soldier. Russian verst separated from Russia, provided by himself, he led his troops to the target target, eliminating all obstacles, and managed to conquer most of Central Asia for several years with a minor number of troops and amazingly lowest costs. With the nature of the Central Asian peoples and seeing that to achieve success, it is necessary to hit their imagination by courage, durability and tirelessness of Russian troops, he was uncontrollably forward, quite definitely realizing that in his position it was possible or to win, or die. And this striking determination gave huge results, creating the charm of the Russian name and alleviate the conquest of the edge to the next chiefs. It is impossible not to note the exceptional feature in the nature of Mikhail Grigorievich - a special caringness of his troops, thanks to which he sometimes preferred, as it was under Jizzak, sacrifice his glory, to transfer the ropes and disgruntled views of subordinates, even more displeasure of the authorities, than to put the life of the fighters Carried in a difficult position.

M. G. Chernyaev enjoyed special love of his troops proud of the chief, and gradually beyond the participants of his campaigns, the glorious name Chernyaev residents was entrenched, to whom the people of tested courage, acquired experience during the Central Asian wars. "The general who sent a Russian king," Ak-Padishah, "the Buchants said so about Chernyaev, and the Bukhara Emir recalled this glorious name later.

Lieutenant General M. Chernyaev

Too much independence, a wide understanding of the tasks of Russia was made by General Chernyaev dangerous for English politics in Central Asia, and fear for their Indian possessions and influence in Afghanistan led to the incidents of the English diplomacy of Chernyaev from Central Asia at the time when he remained To conquer one of the valley of the Zerafshan River.

After resigning, General Chernyaev soon became at the head of the Army of Serbia, defending his independence against Turkey, as a result of which he had gained even greater popularity and fame in Russia.

Only in the reign of Alexander III, General Chernyaev again received appointment to Central Asia to the position of Turkestan Governor General.

Monument in Tashkent and Chernyaevsky house near the Tashkent fortress in which he pledged when the conquest of this city was carefully guarded by his admirers. The jealous of the Tourkestan's forces was reenvised, and among the Muslim population of Central Asia, they remembered the brave, decisive, who firmly holding their word of the Russian commander.

General G. A. Kolpakovsky. The conqueror of the Semirchye and the Healthy Region, General Kolpakovsky, almost all his life spent in the steppe Turkestan campaigns.

As the first organizer of the Semirchinsky region, Kolpakovsky left the memory in all seven-year. Stern look, but a mild heart, decisive, with an adamant will, a person who sought, making a large state case, to make responsibility caused by the exceptional decision of the decision recognized by them necessary. He was revered in the troops for courage, the ability to find a way out of the most difficult position and amazing turtling.

General G. A. Kolpakovsky

He provided by himself, being for thousands of the verst from Russia, and therefore he has no support, surrounded by a hostile population, he was aware that it is possible to conquer the natives who inhabited Semirchye and the Zaili region, only courage and readiness to die, but not to retreat and not surrender to the enemy . With courage and endurance, which amazed even nomads-Kyrgyz, General Kolpakovsky joined the talents of the commander and a wide range of statesman. Calm in battle, cold-blooded in minutes of terrible danger, he led troops to victories, conquering the extensive Zaeliy region for Russia, Semirchye and Krupju, subsequently returned to China.

Without special ties and protection, he reached the highest ranks only by their deserves and was awarded the highest Russian orders, among which the crude crosses occupies the most prominent place. George, obtained by him for the Uzunagach case. General Kolpakovsky all his strength gave them to the beloved Turkestan region, and with the Semirechensky Cossack army he established inseparable communication for life until his death.

Gerasim Alekseevich Kolpakovsky died in 1896 and was buried in St. Petersburg.

The nature of wars in Central Asia. Organization and tactics of troops. All wars and campaigns of Russian troops in Central Asia have many characteristic features that make them completely inconsistent with wars at the European Theater.

Russian troops completely and nearby had to fight not only with enemies, but also with nature itself. The lack of roads, feed for horses, settlements and wells made these campaigns with a gourmet, in bulk sands and salt marsh deserts are extremely difficult. It was necessary to carry and carry food supplies, water, firewood and fodder for horses.

Countless camels for the carriage of military loads involuntarily turned Russian troops into huge caravans. It was necessary to constantly be alert, in willingness to reflect a sudden attack of nomads who hid behind each fold of the terrain. Small parties of the natives in the boundless steppes were positively elusive. The climatic conditions, unusual for Russians, made steppe hikes extremely difficult at all times of the year. In the summer of Tomil the heat, which swallowed the soil to the degree of blazing furnace, which in the absence of water made thirst in disassembly. In winter, snowstores that have occurred huge snow drifts rushed towards.

Watch out. From the picture V. V. Vereshchagin

To all this it is necessary to add the absence of good conductors, a small acquaintance with the country and the language of its population. Sharp fluctuations in temperature in combination with poor water quality contributed to the fact that epidemics were raised among the troops; In order, there was a mass of people sick with typhoid, malaria and quinta, besides numerous cases of damage to sunlight. Patients among the fighters on the forefront was so much that, for example, in 1868 in a jizzaque of two battalions, here, who were standing, could hardly be gathered by the company healthy. In addition, the doctors were extremely small, and with permanent diseases of malaria in Hin, a drawback was often felt. The average mortality rate per month exceeded 135 people; So, out of 12 thousand patients who arrived in Lazaret for eight months in 1867, died 820.

Much undersoned the Turkestan troops the need to produce work on the construction of fortresses, and later and the barracks for housing. The commissioning of people to therapeutic and economic institutions, for postal stations and twins to various civilian officials, took out a lot of people in order.

Permanent, from year to year, the movement of the Central Asian Steppes has developed special techniques of warfare from the Turkestan troops and harden the fighters in the campaigns, and the impossibility of moving large troops forced to move into action in small detachments. In all wars in Central Asia, the account of the military units was not carried out on the shelves and battalions, but on the company and hundreds, which, due to the superiority of the weapon, were quite sufficient tactical units for the fulfillment of independent tasks.

In Central Asia, it was adopted as the basic principle of action with a closed rank against the enemy of a small-cipline, acting alone or small bugs, not enough obedient will of the leader, unable, despite its overwhelming numerous, to the unity of action and maneuvering by the masses. A friendly lumps and a bayonet punch with a closed system have always had a paralyzing effect on nomads. The view of the linen's infantry and shooters in the White Keps with the Naturalniks and White Rubahs, made a strong impression on wild riders, and horseback, often even very numerous crowds of Turkmen and Kyrgyz, struck by the Miken volley, were forced to immediately retreat, the ascent of the earth with the bodies of the dead and wounded .

For action against irregular cavalry, during the Turkestan troops, rocket teams were formed, attached to the Cossack units and produced missiles from special machines. The noise of creeping, in the form of huge fiery snakes, rockets produced an overwhelming impression on people and on horses. The frightened horses shakeped and carried the crowd of riders, Kalecha and killing them, giving rise to a terrible Skyatitz, who used the Cossacks, pursuing the enemy running in the panic horror. Artillery tools - light and mountain cannons and unicorns - also produced a great impression, especially their destructive effect in the siege of the native fortifications.

The storms of the cities was a matter of very difficult. Purchase of buildings, narrow streets and high global fences gave the possibility of residents to defend a long time; Each garden, the courtyard or mosque was individual fortifications from which they had to beat the enemy, thus occupying the city step by step and fighting on every street. When the arrangement of troops on vacation and guarding of security, there were not the last role that Rotta dogs played with the lower ranks on posts; They often warned the clocks about the appearance of sneaking enemies, striving for a rideward or a gold coin for remuneration by anything to get the head of the Russian soldier. During the attacks on the native infantry, Rotta dogs were thrown on Sarbaz, helping their owners in hand-to-hand combat.

Conductors in the steppe served mainly Kyrgyz, who arrived at the service as jigs and translators, and many of them were produced in police officers for their faithful service. In addition, in some detachments from reliable Kyrgyz, Turkmen and Afghans, special teams were formed who participated in hostilities. Long, 25 years of service with continuous movement from Orenburg in the depths of Central Asia, brought up Turkestan troops, escaling them to steppe campaigns in the deserts and having developed astounding tirelessness, thanks to which the infantry sometimes did transitions to 60-70 verst per day.

Some battalions formed in Orenburg were in a continuous campaign, over 25 years, passing from place to place, and their composition was hardened and challenged people, habitual and whistling bullets, and to sudden attacks of the natives. All these conditions allowed to create from the Turkestan troops almost the best in the combat sense of the Russian army. According to the combat hardened, according to the manifestation of private poin, these troops were like the Caucasian Army of Yermolov, Vorontsov and Baryatinsky. The need to have all with it developed special techniques of the campaign, biva and watchdog service.

Armed was the infantry with rifle rifles of the Carla system, and the small part of the shooters had a rifle of the Berdan No. 1 and the fitting system.

The absence of sometimes the desired number of camel drivers forced to leaving the lower ranks for them, and their inability to find and care for these animals, he often led to damage and loss of camels, and only a long stay in the campaigns took people to camels, which were gradually replaced in the Turkestan Horses Forces .

In relation to the enemy's troops, it must be said that the regular troops of Buchants, Kokandsev and Hivintsev were kept in a small number; So-called sarbose - infantry, uniform uniformly, was poorly trained. Hiking sarbose armed were: the first rank - wick guns on the bumps, but there were also all sorts of samples of flint, drums and hunting double rifles; The second rank is predominantly cold weapons: batches, axes (ahwalts) and peaks - and only few guns had guns.

Equestrian sarbosis was armed with peaks and sabers, and the first rank is over and the rifles. Artillery consisted mainly of cast-iron and copper tools of Persian and local casting. These troops were trained mainly by Russian flight soldiers, from which the fame of the Siberian Siberian Troops is Osman.

The main contingent in the nuclear troops was an irregular cagonium, sitting on excellent horses, extremely hardy and mighty to pass huge distances, and the riders were perfectly owned by cold weapons. The cavalry, completed from Kyrgyz, Yumudov, Karakirgizov, perfectly knew the terrain, greatly disturbed the Russian troops with unexpected attacks, mainly at night, but, having hit the detachment, immediately at the first volley was crumbled on the steppe, leaving fast from under the shots, and, usually Attacking in large masses, it sought to crush the small Russian parts of the composition.

Russian cavalry - Cossacks - as a result of the inequality of strength, it was usually preferred to reflect the enemy with fire from the closed building and attack him also in a closer system; Cossacks dismounted, mutted or straintered horses and, having arranged the shelter of them, bags, forage reserves, the enemies from their rifle rifles were hit by a friendly volley; After the departure, the persecution began, although in some battles famously attacked and equally.

The infantry has always acted in closer to a row, building a kara, about which, due to the lack of volunteers, and ordained the attacks of the natives.

Applying defeats in all major battles, the Russian troops sometimes suffered damage only in small skimps, mainly due to the absence of measures to save, exploration and some carelessness when driving and on vacation among hostile to the Russian native population.

But still solid devotion of debt, unshakable durability and courage took the top, and the Turkestans, having broke the troops of Kokandsev, Khivintsev and Bukharians, borrowed victories over them, thanks to which the land of conquered states are among the Russian possessions, giving the opportunity under their protection to the population The extensive territory of the Turkestan region to start a peaceful life, engaged in agriculture and trade, opening up the Central Asian markets for Russian products at that time.

Thus, the conquest of Turkestan, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokanda, was completed than the covenants of Peter the Great.

Notes:

In 1925, the city was called Fergana.

Battle - "put in the field of riding horses, tying mutually; So that they stood comfortably, they put them alongside, heads there and here, through one ... If they are gone, then, pulling one forward, the other back, hold each other. "(V. Dal).

Turkestan hiking, conquest of the Russian Empire of CP. Asia. All R. XIX century The United Kingdom, capturing the largest princes of Sind and Punjab and including India in the British Empire, began to actively master the Wed. East. In a strategist. The plans of the British pr-va, this region was viewed as a potentially profitable market for the sale of English. Prom. Goods and a convenient bridgehead for deploying further military-political. Expansion to the center. and south-east. Asia.

The desire to keep positions on the Wedset. East and prevent Britain's strengthening in this region prompted Ros. Pr-in intensifying its foreign effort. Chief in south. Kazakhstan and cf. Asia. OSN. The reasons that accelerate the promotion of Russia into the territory of the Central Asian. Hangey - Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand, - defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56, the impossibility of holding an asset. politicians in short. East and Balkans, as well as an increase in the interest of trade and prom. The circles of the empire in the expansion of the Russian-Central Asian. Trade.

To gray XIX century The relations between Russia and Khiva and Bukhar were not diplomatic, but they carried the peaceful Har-r in general, not counting small attacks on Ros. bargain. Caravans and unsuccessful campaign V.A. Perovsky on Khiva in 1839. Russian-Kokand was different. Relationships - between the state was a stubborn struggle for the nomads of the Kazakhs of the Senior Jus (southern. and the South-Vost. Kazakhstan (Semirchye)). Kokand's troops were focused in Tashkent and fortified. Points: Turkestan, Chimkent, Auli-Ata, Pishpec, Tokmak, Mereke, etc. Army. Russia's forces fell from Orenburg to the Aral Sea and Cheese Darya, as well as from Siberia from Semipalatinsk to Oz. Balkhash and r. Or.

The process of capturing Russia of Wed. Asia passed in several stages. The 1st stage (1857-62) is the preparation of Russia to expansion in the CP. Asia. During this period, a whole series of intelligence was organized and conducted. expeditions (in Iran - N.V. Khanykova, Central Asian. Khanate - N.P. Ignatiev, to the Vost. Turkestan - Ch.ch.Vikhanova), which were intended to fully explore polit. and social eco. The situation in neighboring states, the position of the United Kingdom in the region.

2nd stage (1863-64) - the beginning of the military. actions on ter. South. Kazakhstan against Kokand. In the course of successful military. Operations conducted by the commander of the Cheese Darya line regiment. Verevkin and Semirechen Cossacks under the teams. regiment. MG Chernyaeva, June 4, 1864 was captured by Auli-Ata, June 12 - Turkestan, September 21 - Chimkent. As a result, the domination of Kokand Khanate to South was eliminated. Kazakhstan (which made it possible to complete the accession of the nomads of the senior Zhuz to the Russian Empire) and North. Kyrgyzstan; The conquered territories were included in the newly educated Turkestan region. Orenburg Governor General; military. The presence of Russia intensified through the capture of the Kokand series. Forties and the creation of Novokokand's fortune. The lines passed along the fortresses of Aralskoye - Ak Mosque - Turkestan - Chimkent - Auli-Ata - faithful.

The 3rd stage (1865-68) is the liquidation of the independence of the Kokand and Bukhara Hangey. In June, 1865 gene. MG Chernyaev captured Tashkent, who was the largest adm. and bargaining. center cf. Asia. This event, in fact, put on Russia dependent on Russia, all Kokand Khanate, despite the fact that MG Chernyaev suspended the military. Actions on its territory. Conquest of Lands of the Kokand Khanate Bukhar. Emir and his claims for the domination of Kokanda predetermined the inclusion of Tashkent to the Russian Empire - in 1867 he entered the newly educated Turkestan Governor-General.

All R. 1865 It was decided to start military. Actions against the Bukhara Emirate. May 8, 1866 in the battle in the URAR. Irrzhar Bukhar. The army was broken. Then grew. Troops under commands. gene. D.P. Romanovsky captured the Khodeven and the Fortress of Nauma, thus drove the Bukharians with ter. Kokand Khanty.

Bukwar failure. Emir to sign a peace treaty under the terms of Russia was a reason for the invasion of Ros. troops at the borders of the Bukhara Emirate. In St. 1866 They captured URA-Tube, Jizzak, Yana-Kurgan. May 1, 1868, on the initiative of the 1st Governor General of the Turkestan kr. K.P. Kaufman, the Zeravshan Valley was occupied and practically no resistance are busy Samarkand, Kata-Kurgan and Ursut. The road to the capital of the Emirate - Bukhara - was opened, but grew. Prospect decided to turn the troops back.

At the end of the military. Action KP Kaufman has achieved from Kokand. Khan Sudoyard signing bargaining. Agreements, in fact actually turned this state in Ros. half colonia. June 23, 1868 Treaty with Russia signed and Bukhar. Emir. He recognized the entry of Khodegen, URA-Tyube, Jizzak to the Russian Empire. Ros. The right of freedoms were granted. Trade and institutions bargaining. Agencies in the Emirate, freedom of movement in the country, the safety of the personality and property, etc. Bukhara Emirates has pledged to pay Russia to the confibration, but for the full guarantee of its receipt, Russia temporarily occupied Samarkand and Kata-Kurgan, Zeravshansky was formed from R-NO ok. As a result, on the III stage, Russia achieved complete domination over the sewn. Territories of cf. Asia.

4th stage (1869-73) - the occupation of Ros. troops zap. Parts cf. Asia. 22 Aug. 1869 Alexander II authorized the seizure of Vost. The shores of the Caspian Sea. 3 Nov. of the same year grew The landing landed in the Anti-Bay of the Red Rams. and took the surrounding territories inhabited by Turkmen. In Feb. 1873 The offensive began. The troops on Khiva from the Red Raman. Khanate at that moment was experiencing an eco. The crisis and did not have any resistance grew. troops.

12 Aug. 1873 Hivin. Khan Mohammed Rakhim II signed an agreement with Russia, according to the Roma recognized the dependence on the Russian Empire, refusing to independently. conducting external politicians; Part of the territories of Khanate was transferred to the Bukhara Emirate, etc. Part of the land - on the right bank of AMU-Darya - in AMU-Daryinsky Department of the Syrdarya region; The chief of this department controlled the Chivin's instruction. Khan; Ros. ships were granted the right of swimming on AMU Darya; It was assumed the allocation of the territory for the Ros Ros. Pier, factories, bargaining. warehouses and ensuring their safety; Ros. The merchants were released from paying a bargain. duties.

5th stage (1874-85) - accession to Russia Kokand and Turkmenistan. With nach 1870s. Significantly complicated intrapric. The atmosphere in Kokand Khanate, loyally tuned towards Russia, Khan Sudoyar was forced to flee to Tashkent. In the current circumstances, Turkestan General Governor K.P. Kaufman began to insist on decide. actions. In his opinion, the mastering of Namangan district was to strengthen the position of Russia in Horn. Kyrgyzstan and strengthen control over the situation in Khanate and Kashgar. Therefore, 22 Saint. 1875 kp Kaufman imposed a new ruler Nasreddin Russian-Kokand. Treaty in the spirit of contracts with Heva and Bukharoy, and on Feb. 19 1876 \u200b\u200bwas issued a royal decree on the inclusion of Kokand Khanate to the Turkestan Governor-General.

Then followed the capture of Ros. Turkmenistan troops. In 1879-81 in the composition of the Cospian region. Akhal-Tekinsky oasis with ADM was included. The center in Ashgabat, in 1884, the composition of the empire included Tedzhsky, Mervsky and Pendine Oasis. According to Russian-Persian. 1881 and Russian-Afghan. 1887 agreements held a demarcation of Russian-Iran. And Russian-Afgra. Borders in the region, which, in fact, completed the joining of the Turkmen. Lands to Russia.

The 6th stage (1883-95) is the decision of the Pamir issue. In con. 1880 - Nach. 1890s. The center of gravity is Anglo-Rus. rivalry in cf. Asia moved to Pamir. This region is in political and ethnogr. The ratio consisted of 2 parts: Vost. The Pamir, inhabited by Kirgizami-nomads, was part of the Kokand Khanate, Zap. Pamir was populated by Horn. Tajiks, which retained their independence.

After the successful accession of Turkmenistan and the establishment of Sev.-Zap. Borders with Afghanistan and Iran, Russia in 1891 and 1892 sends several reconnaissance to the Pamir. expeditions, and in the summer 1892 per p. Murgab stationary places pant. Detachment under commands. regiment. M. Ionova as part of 200 infantrymen and 50 Cossacks. This action grew. Pr-Wa had a huge external manner. The value - it became clear that the decision of the Pamir question is possible now only through negotiations, since Britain had no sufficient military. Forces in this region.

From 1893 to 1895, Russia and the United Kingdom were actively exchanged by notes, in which each state offered their own version of the pant. Pamire dressing. In aw 1895 The contract between 2 state was ratified and, in fact, completed the connection of CP. Asia to the Russian Empire.

Speaking of Russia's conquest. Asia, it should be noted by the village. The role in the implementation of this task is regular. and Cossack troops Zap. Siberia. The Siberian Cossack Cossack and Semirechenskoye, formed from 9 and 10 regimental districts of the Siberian Cossack Regiment, participated in Tashkent 1865, Khiva 1873, Kokand 1875, 1876 campaigns, etc. Us. Points of Sib. Cossacks on top. Irtysh - Semipalatinsk and Ust-Kamenogorsk, Siberian fortunate. The line with the villages of the Copalskaya, Iliskaya, Urjar, Lepsinskaya, Alma-Ata, formed during the creation of the Semirechen Cossack troops, became the support base for the asset. Russia's offensive in cf. Asia.

Lit: Terentyev MA Russia and England in Central Asia. St. Petersburg, 1875; Halfin N.A. Russian policy in Central Asia. M., 1960; He is Accession of Central Asia to Russia. M., 1965; Alekseenko N.V. Population of pre-revolutionary Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata, 1981; The history of the Cossacks of Asian Russia. Ekaterinburg, 1995. T. 1-3; Cossacks: Encyclopedia. M., 2003.

By the middle of the XIX century, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand Khanate was separate feudal associations. Khana centuries lived by the work of slaves. Robbing hordes without ending raids on their neighbors, leading to slavery as a population of Khanate and live prey from Persia and from Russia.

By the middle of the XIX century, Khiva, Bukhara and Kokand Khanate was separate feudal associations. Khana centuries lived by the work of slaves. Robbing hordes without ending raids on their neighbors, leading to slavery as a population of Khanate and live prey from Persia and from Russia. Harema Khanov were filled with Russian women. In Khunnov, inhuman cruelty flourished. Captured soldiers, for example, scolded their eyes so that they would not run away, and were injected like oxen, in plows. Anhydrous desert, terrible heat in the summer and frosts in the winter did an impossible from Khan slavery. Khans were constantly bent among themselves. The lack of centralized power and civil workers weakened Khanate and had a heavy burden on ordinary people.

In 1840, the "Regulation on the Orenburg Cossack Troops" was approved, located on the lands of the Chelyabinsky, Trinity, Orenburg counties, in Ili district and the Kyrgyz steppe. In the chapter "General duties of the troops" it was said: "It constantly protects the Orenburg military line, on the space occupied by them, from raids of predatory peoples and commands from themselves, in the prescribed manner, detachments for finding during the Sultans-rulers of the Kyrgyz Horde." Kazakhs and Kyrgyz voluntarily adopted Russian citizenship. Raude on them Khansky Horde served as an official reason for the further deepening of Russia in Central Asia.

Active activities to expand their possessions and strengthening rule in Central Asia, Russia began in the 1930th of the XIX century. In 1811, the Novolipetsk defense line was mastered, in 1834, built on the banks of the Caspian Sea, the strengthening of Novo-Alexandrovskoe, and in 1846 the Orenburg, Ural and Raimovskoye (in the lower times of Syrdarya), Russian fortifications were erected. The defeat in the East War of 1853-1856 demanded from Russia to consolidate their positions in Asia. England still remained the main rival of Russia in the East. By building defensive lines and fortresses, Russia by the middle of the XIX century firmly strengthened in Kazakhstan.

In 1853, V. A. Perovsky was going up the rash. The kokanda fortress of the Ak-Mosque, which became Fort Pepovsky (Kzyl-Orda). In Syr Darya, steamers were launched first, and with their help, five more fortresses were built on the river. Promotion went from the northeast, from Semipalatinsk. In 1850-1854, the Russian troops occupied the Zaili region, and in 1854 the strengthening of the faithful (Alma-Ata) was laid. Thus, by the middle of the century, the Russians approached the largest Khanate to Kokand.

At this time, the war ended in the Caucasus, and in 1864 a decisive attack on Central Asia began. At first, Chimkent was taken (1864), and then the largest city of Central Asia - Tashkent (1865) and, finally, Samarkand. In 1868, a peace treaty with Kokand and Bukhar was concluded. Under diplomatic reasons was left for some independence to the Kokandsky and Bukhara Huncons. Soon they broke themselves, thanks to their internal contradictions. The queue was for Khiva. The chiviny campaign was taken in the spring of 1873. Russian troops moved to her from four sides - from Orenburg, Tashkent, Krasnovodsk and from the Mangyshlak Peninsula.

Tanned messenger soldiers, in white caps with long Naturalniki, falling on their shoulders, walked, drowning in the bulk sands of the vegans. The camels dragged the guns, stuck in the sand on the most axles, swung on their hump machines to launch combat missiles - thunderstorms by enemy cavalry. Occasionally meets in the desert, the saman Mazar - the tomb of some cruel khan, even less often - the well. Soldiers will be thrown to the well, and there and the buckets do not dial. Special "water" teams were constantly brusing and scarboy handed out water. Fuck camels, the horses died, and the soldiers step by step continued to move towards Khiva. Khiva surrendered without a fight. The simple people met the Russians here as liberators from the Khansky, the power limitless over him.

But there were still Turkmenistan, the joining of which was decided to conduct the troops of the Caucasian Military District, crouching them through the Caspian Sea. Simultaneously with the promotion of Russian eleven thousand troops to the Akhaltek oasis from Krasnovodsk, the railway was laid in depth of Turkmenistan. The Turkmen Tekinsy was leaving to take the battle at their main fortress of Geok-Tepes. The battle was heavy for both sides. The number of defenders of Geok-Tepes was twice as high as Russian troops, but they were mostly rags. Only one copper cannon defended the fortress. Therefore, the teins, rushing against the rifles and artillery in the attack, preferred hand-to-hand fights with the enemy. Russian soldiers took a lot of courage in order to take the fortress. In some parts, every fourth was killed. Taking Geok-Tepe predetermined the fate of the entire campaign. In January 1884, Turkmen adopted Russian citizenship. He led the Turkmen camoy of M. D. Skobelev and all the conquest of Turkestan - K. P. Kaufman, fifteen years for his governor and commander of the Turkestan Military District.

The joining of Central Asia to Russia had a progressive importance for its peoples, slavery was destroyed, constant interlisers of Baev and Khanov, the bloodstanding peoples, began to rise in cultural life, the industry quickly began to develop. England had far-reaching expansionist ideas in the east. Middle Asia, weak, feudalted by feudalities, as it is impossible to organize the British. With accession to Russia, these plans were collapsed. In 1887, a Russian-Afghan agreement was signed, determining the border. This ended the Central Asian trips.

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2. Conquest Turkestan by the Russian Empire Colonial seizures in Turkestan Russian autocracy can be divided into 4 colonial wars: the first colonial war continued from 1847 to 1864; The second - from 1865 to 1868; Third - from 1873 to 1879; Fourth - from 1880 to 1885 Moreover, the peculiarity of the conquest was that the gaps between military actions were 90 filled with the active struggle of Russia with England on the diplomatic front. "Russia in 1847 ranked the mouth of the Syrdarya River, where Raimsky's strengthen (Aralsk) was built. In 1853, Orenburg General Governor V.A. Perovsky assault mastered the Kokand's fortress "Ak - Mosque". In her place, the fortification of the "Fort Perovs-Who" (Kzyl - Horde) was erected. The chain of fortified posts from Raimsky to the "Fort Perovsky" was formed by the Syrdarya military line. At the same time, the promotion of royal troops was carried out by Western Siberia, from Semipalatinsk. In Semirchye, the strengthening was built. Then from 1850-54. A Zaui Lisai Territory was conquered, and the village of Alma-Ata founded the strengthening faithful. From the fortified posts stretching from Semipalatinsk to the right, the Siberian military line originated. Crimean War (1853-56) suspended the expansion of tsarism in Turkestan. But after her end, the flame of the first Turkestan co-lator broke out with even greater force. In autumn 1862. g. Tsarist troops captured Pishpec and Tokmak, in the summer of 1863 - the fortress of Suzak, in the spring and summer of 1864 - Turkestan, Aulia-Ata and in September -Chimkent. In the course of these actions, new fortifications were built, formed by the Novokokapda military line. With its creation, there was a connection of previously emerged military lines in a solid front. The latter spawned the temptation to immediately take advantage of success. In September 1864, troops under the command of General M.G. Chernyasva attempted to capture Tashkent. SS * Dnako, during the assault they suffered great losses and were forced to return to the original positions. The unsuccessful attempt of General Chernyeva to seize Tashkent to complete the first colonial war of Russia in Turkestan. At the conquered lands in early 1865, the Turkestan region was created, Admi-Nastutitively subordinate to the Orenburg Governor-General. But the region was to strengthen the rear of the royal troops who were intensively prepared for the second colonial war. The conquest of the tsarism of the territory of Turkestan caused WHO vehicle in the ruling circles of England, which resulted in a diplomatic note of the British government. But she did not give the result. Russian Foreign Minister A.M.Grchakov In a Response Noth, I found it necessary to emphasize that, like other great powers, Russia has their own interests and its actions in Turkestan are no different from the actions of England in India or Afghanistan. At the same time, he argued that small army parts simply fure the boundaries of the empire and that the troops would not go further. In 1865, autocracy began the second colonial war. Without the exacerbation of the contradictions between Emir Bukhara and Khan Kokand, General Chernyaev captured Tashkent. The loss of Tashkent was so weakened by Kokand Khan that the Bukhara Emir easily mastered Kokand. The latter was used by autocracy to declare war to the Bukhara Emirate. In the spring of 1866, the largest battle for all the time of the conquest of Turkestan Self-Zhaivius occurred in the Syrdarya River. The royal army broke the troops of the Bukhara Emir and occupied the Goro-yes Khodeven, URA-Tube, Jiz Plan, Yangi-Kurgan fortress. Conclusted at the beginning of 1868 with the Kokand Khanty, the trade pre-talking and at the same time a military truce, General Kaufman, focused-chill his troops against the Bukhara Emir. In April and May 1868, two battles occurred, which led to the defeat of the army of the Emir and the occupation of the royal troops of Samarkand. Bukhara Emir was forced to start negotiations about the world. In June 1868, a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Bukhar, according to which Emir refused to avoid self-catering from the cities of Khodeven, URA-Tube, Jizaka, Kurgan, Samarkand and all ter territories to Zerabulaca. On this, the second colonial war ended. Already during the conquest, a powerful national liberation movement rose in the region. The population, actively defending the city, you have needed Russian troops to repeatedly storm most of them. After the seizure of the settlement, the struggle continued. An example of this is the uprising of 1868 in Samarkand, headed by the son of Bukhara Emir Abdulmalik. Another bright page in the history of the national liberation struggle was the uprising in 1874-1876. Under the guidance of Ishak Mullah Hassan-oglu, which took the name of Pulat-Khan. The uprising was suppressed, and Ishac Mullah and some of his convenience-ki are executed. However, it did not stop fighters for freedom. The uprisings did not stop. One of the results of the second colonial war was the exit of Russia for the border with Afghanistan, which aggravated the Russian-British contradictions. To overcome them, diplomats of both countries concluded in 1872-1873. Agreement on the delimitation of spheres of influence. According to him, IPA-Nitsa between Bukhar and Afghanistan was established on the AMU-Daria River. Thus, the territory to the south of the Amudarya River was recognized-in the English zone of influence, and north of the Russian sphere of influence. The agreement with England allowed the autocracy to start the third colonial war in order to conquer the Khiva Khanate, the prepamber to which was carried out from 1869. Opening hostilities in February 1873, the royal troops were captured in three months and plundered Khiva. In August 1873, a peace treaty proposed by Kaufman was signed by Hivinsky Khan. However, most Turkmen tribes did not recognize the peace treaty and continued to fight. Their small detachments, using the s-climatic conditions of the Clasp, unexpectedly attacked and also quickly hid. The actions of the royal troops, in turn, privity spell the nature of punisfactory against civilians. During the exhaustive war, Russia's troops in the spring of 1878 managed to take Kyzyl-arvat. In the summer of 1879, akhaltek expedition was undertaken. The troops came to the fortress of Geok-Teppeas, but during the storming suffered a complete failure and retreated. At this, the third colonial war ended. Until the end of 1880, preparation for the fourth colonial war-not in Turkestan was followed. New military reinforcements were sent here, weapons and supply reserves increased. At the same time, the efforts of diplomats were settled by a border issue with China. At the end of 1880, under the command of General M.D. Scobelheva, the second Ahaltell Expedition began. She ended in 1881 by taking the HEOK-TEPE fortress (Ashgabat). During the siege and especially after the fall of the fortress, the cruelty of the attackers surpassed all imaginable limits: all his defenders surrendered were exterminated, and those who tried to escape the flight were destroyed during the persecution. After the defeat of the Geok-Tepe defenders, the resistance of Turkmen-Skashen began to weaken and in 1885, the inhabitants of Oazis Merv, Iolatan, Leda, Serekhs adopted Russian citizenship. The autocracy continued the war, but already with the Afghan Emir. Under the pressure of England, Afghan troops in 1883 switched Pyanj. Apogiya Armed conflict between Afghanistan and Russia reached in 1885 and ended with the defeat of Afghan detachments, which were commanded by the English officers. The fourth colonial war and hostilities were completed, but the conquest of Turkestan as a whole. However, winning Central Asia and installing the colonial regime here, autocravia for another 10 years led a diplomatic struggle in order to recognize its seizures by the largest powers of the world. Only in 1895, an agreement on the delimitation of the Pamirs was concluded between Russia and England. 3. Colonial policy of Tsarist Russia in Turkestan The whole story of Turkestan since the beginning of His conquest to Russia to Pa-Dénia was an autocracy was the history of unsuccessful attempts to turn the edge in the support of the royal regime. The conquest has changed the position of the peoples of Turkestan. The development of national statehood was violently interrupted. Cars-cue regime has formed a specific internal organization of the region, designed to contribute to the solution of colonial tasks. In 1865, the Turkestan region was created, as part of the Oren-Burg-General Governor, headed by the military governor M.G. Chernyaev. It has existed a payback mode, to appear for troops and tax collection. In the management, first of all, the methods of violence, rigid exploitation, which resulted in national humiliation were used. In 1867, the Turkestan Governor-General General, the administrative division of which was a continuation of the general-Russian organization of conquered land, not taking into account the historic, economic and national characteristics of the region and the obstacle military interests and the tasks of the Tsarist government. In 1867, 2 areas were included in it: Syrdarya and Semirechenskaya. In 1868, it was created, at the expense of newly conquered land, the Zarafshansky district, later transformed into the Samarkand region, in 1873, -Amadarya department, which later became part of the Syrdarya Obrasti., In 1876. - Fergana region. Created in 1881 as part of the Caucasian governorship, the Caspian region, in 1890-1897. On-went to the Military Ministry, and then entered the Turkes-Tang Governor's Tourcase. Semirechensk region from 1882 to 1899. He was part of the Wall Governor's General, and then again returned to the Turkestan Governor-General. That is, the composition of the governor's general changed, including 2 to 5 regions. Bukhara Emirate and Khiva Khanate, having lost part of Terry Torii, were forced to recognize the Protectorate (Protectorate - one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and its external relations, defense, etc. exercise its external relationship The discretion of the metropolis) of Russia. In Bukhara, the "Russian Imperial Political Agency" was established, through which St. Petersburg and Tashkent with Bukhar was carried out. In Khiva, the agency could not be created, and the relationship was carried out through the head of the Amur Discianity department, i.e. He combined his immediate functions with a diploma of the Han. The system of the Protectorate imparted an imprint on the development of Hangey. The Governor's Turkestan General enjoyed almost unlimited powers. Military governors of the regions were appointed king and only they could have responding. The first general governor became General K.P.Kufman. Fearing uprisings, introduced an administrative system with the hypocritical name "Military-People's Office". (The military administration was combined with the "elective" lower administration). This form is only formally attracted to the management of the local population. In life, the system was accompanied by arbitrariness and abuse. Thus, the initial system of colonial robbery gave way to a more "rational", from the point of view of the government of the Empire, the exploitation of the edge. Later, according to the "Regulations on the management of the Turkestan Territan" 1886, the CE was replaced by an administrative-in-lyceum. At the same time, the administration of Turkestan, in contrast to other regions, was subordinate not to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Im-Peria, but to the Military Ministry. The center of the edge was the city of Tashkent. The management of them also changed. The traditional Institute of Makhkama was destroyed, began to work the management structures adapted to the conditions of a colo-niac city. After a number of reorganizations, at the request of major entrepreneurs of the Russian part of the city, in 1877, the Tash-Kent city Duma was created. In it, only 1/3 of vowels (deputies), 24 of the man-century was elected from the local population. And if we consider that at this time 140 thousand people lived in the Starhogorodskaya part, and in Russian - 4 thousand, it is clear that it only fixed the use of the local population. In the council, the executive body of the Duma, the same ratio was maintained, and only persons with the obligatory knowledge of the Russian language could work in it. For the entire period of the existence of the Duma of 9 people, who held the post of urban head, was only one of the indigenous pre-fuels and then after the fall in 1917. Tsarism. The Duma solved the tasks of the city's landscaping, but, mostly, his "Novogorodskaya" part. The method of violence and repression that occupied the dominant position in the actions of the Turkestan) colonial apparatus was complemented by the Shavi-uritical policies of local governors. So, one of them -Baron A.Vrevsky made significant efforts to change the "cities of the city situation" in Tashkent ", considering it" dangerous political attitude. " His most worried about the participation in the Duma of the indigenous population. Operating the thesis "On the backwardness of the natives", he tired on the reduction of representation from the indigenous population of Tashkent to 1/5 of the total composition (or up to 14 people). "Such an order," he wrote, "it is necessary to maintain an indefinite future until the bore of the natives will not be at the height of the perception of self-adjustment." The chauvinistic policy of Wrevsky, naturally, received a re-zonanes in all the links of the official apparatus, a characteristic feature of which the unquestioning execution of the will of the Governor-General. In this regard, the characteristics of these officials, given by the prince of Masseyrev (in 1895-98, was attention (in 1895-98. Was a member of the post-delivery commissions). He wrote: "At the site of the official, found Casta, closed in his own, self-sufficient and self-satisfied, who looked at himself, as on the real and only owners of the region, before which the region should tremble and reimburse honors and MZD." The peoples of the region were deprived of elementary political rights. Thus, the elections in the I State Duma of the Empire (1906) in Turkestan were postponed and in the end did not take place, in the State State Duma (1907) elected 1 deputy on average from 46 thousand European population and 1- from 896 thousand . indigenous population. And in the elections in the III State Duma (1907), they, in accordance with the new electoral law, did not participate at all. The primary task of the colonial policy of tsarism it was Observation of the edge into a constant source of state income. Higher taxes with dekhkanina were charged here than in the central gubes of Russia. Tax and other cash receipts not only covered all the costs of controlling the edge, the content of a huge army in it, but also gave the execution of a net income that flooding in the metropolis. If in 1869 the revenues of tsarism in Turkestan amounted to about 2.3 million rubles, then in 1916 they reached 38 million rubles. The most important task was to transform the region into the cotton base of the Russian textile industry. It began to be carried out after creating a network of railways and the introduction of American varieties of cotton. Sowing sowing areas under cotton, due to reducing crops of other cultures. Only in the Fergana Valley, they rose from 14% in 1885 to 44% in 1915. In 1900, Central Asian cotton provided 24% of the needs of the Russian industry, and before the beginning of I World War - already 50%. And this is with the stormy growth of the cotton industry in Russia. In 1913, the Fergana region gave more than 62% of all the cotton sent to Russia, Bukhara - more than 13%, Syrdarya region - 8.4%, Samarkand - 7%. Specialization touched and Khiva: In 1900, there were 9% of the sown area in cotton, and in 1909 - already 16%. One of the principles of colonial policy of tsarism was to prevent such leading industries in the region, like ma-shinotropy, metalworking, ferrous metallurgy. The meaning was to be in favor of preventing or, in any case, perhaps Dol-She to delay the independent development of the productive forces of Turkestan. It was all efforts to make the edge economy by one-sided, dependent on the center, i.e., artificially created a growing economy of Turkestan to Tsarist Russia, isolating it from other countries. Basically, plants were created on the primary processing of cotton. If 1 cotton plant worked in 1873, then in 1916 - already 350. The most active construction of enterprises was from 1910 but 1914. The colonial nature of the development of the industry in the region was concluded that its main industries were entirely serviced by export. This is: cotton cleaver, coke, cocoon, silkotal-naya. Industries that satisfied the requests of the domestic market, in their scale stood in second place. The main, cotton, industry - completely obeyed the cotton industry metropolis. It gave in three areas of Turkestan almost 80% of all their gross products. Cotton here passed only primary processing, and the entire further process of working on the fiber went outside the edge. We indicate that this situation was preserved almost until the independence period. In 1912, Russian and foreign firms owned 96 of 256 Turkestan Claws and Bukhara. The rest belonged to local entrepreneurs who resold the absolute majority of purified fiber with the same firms. The colonial tasks were subject to the construction of the same-skinned roads. They were built with the objectives of ensuring defense, preparation for the further possible expansion of tsarism, the transfer of troops to suppress the uprisings, satisfying the economic interests of the Russian bourgeoisie. At the first stage (80-90 p. XIX century. -1905), the main railway tracks were laid at the expense of the treasury: Custinian, Samarkand Andjan with a branch for Tashkent, Orenburg-Tashkent. At the second stage, at the expense of share capital: Fergana, Bukhara, Trinity and others. Russian bourgeoisie in Turkestan was closely connected with the tsarism, used it. Here, the most predatory elements were operated, rushed into Turkestan to quickly get rich on the operation of conquered peoples. On Turkestan watched as a "zo-lottery". The slogan was announced: "Turkestan for Russians." To this end, entrepreneurial activities in Turkestan not only foreign, but also by the Russian subjects and Jewish Kim and Tatar entrepreneurs were prohibited. In all major cities of the region, trade in metal and metalwakers belonged to "selling", rubber products - triangle campaigns, etc. In Turkestan, there were also their entrepreneurs, owners of large firms: Mir-Kamil Muminbayev, Vadyaev brothers in the Fergana Region, Fusailov, Calantarov in the Samarkand Region, Arif Hwa in Tashkent, etc. Appear from the broken artisans and local dehkans working indigenous nationalities. They, mostly worked on cotton supplies, oil, wine enterprises. They were reluctant to the iron road, which was associated with political Mo-Tivami. Working conditions were the hardest-17-18 hour working day, lack of labor protection, low salary, discrimination. So, on the coal spears, the local worker received 80 cop., And for the same work, the Russian worker received 1 rub. 50 kopecks The colonization of the edge was one of the priority tasks. She was on the promotion of troops, with the so-called "Cossack" co-lamination. The lower army ranks participated in this. But the most massive stream was the peasants. The resettlement went wavely, which reflected not only the installation of the government, but also internal cataclysms in the empire. Splash 1891-92. Located with hunger in the center of Russia, flow 1906-1910. With the reforms of Stolypin, since 1912, migrants from the starving Volga region hung. In 1903, the rules of voluntary resettlement of the "Sel-Soviet streets" were published and burghers on stateless land in the regions of Syrdarya, Fergana, Samarkand. In 1905, a "resettlement party" was created, which had the task of identifying the colonization fund in the places and proceed to the device of immigrants. Through Tashkent, up to 8 thousand people took place annually, in the main, the poor peasants. Migrants were not found on new months of free lands for settlement, and they began to take the territory belonging to the local population. It caused the legal WHO & population, worsened an interethnic relationship. Local Admi- *) Nomination concerned about this, tried to suspend the resettlement I even closed the edge for the colonists. However, the agrarian reform of a hundred- | Lypina, which had the goal of creating a durable Tsarizmu in the village of | The face of the rural bourgeoisie, in a new way set the question of replanding! Policy in Turkestan. Tsarism set the task to turn Turkestan in | "An integral part of Russia", and its areas - in ordinary! province. This meant complete ignoring and suppressing the national identity of the edge. Colonization now had a goal not just to weaken the agricultural crisis in the metropolis, but the creation of a strong layer in Turkestan from Russian fists. Here the orientation on the "strong" man's man became a means of strengthening "Russian statehood." The new course caused the influx of immigrants. The Russian spent population in the region reached 650 thousand people, i.e. 9.2% of its total population. In addition, creating this layer, the tsarism expected to create a bridgehead for further adventure in Asia. In 1908-1909. Turkestan was revised by Senator Count K.K. Palen. She raised the issue of disorder in the control of the edge. A transformation project was developed. The plan ignored the possibility of the development of the industry, leaving Turkestan agrarian-raw materials. So, 1907-1914 IT. Became for years when the colonial oppression increases the increasingly rapid pace. After the beginning of 1 World War (1914), Turkestan's role has significantly increased, as a supplier of strategic and industrial of captured raw materials (cotton, wool, doodle), etc. The royal authorities strengthened the coo-nutritional exploitation of Turkestan, bringing it to direct robbery. The best principle of his control tsarism considered poly-tick of Russification, and for this it was necessary to control the religious institutions, the court, enlightenment, etc. Steps were taken to limit the influence of Islam. In a number of cities, the positions of Kaza-Kalon, Shahih-Ul-Islam, were removed, seized part of the Vacf property, the reception of persons who graduated from the madrasa were restricted to the civil service. On the other hand, there were beying attempts with the clergy. To this end, it was removed in 1900 a ban from pilgrimage in Mecca. Instructions were instructed to accept the service for the service of persons with the obligatory knowledge of the Russian language. At the same time, it was proposed to expand the training of the local population of the Russian language. The instrument of rusifatory politics should also serve as a school. A system of Russian-native schools was created, where the children of the local population trained with Russian children. In 1911, 165 Russian-Native schools worked on the territory of modern Uzbekistan. The basic mass of teachers in them is Russian. However, we note that during this period the Russiform school program actually failed. The population perceived it as an anti-national, antimusulman. Mactubs and madrasa are preserved. Appeared and created by Jadi-Dami "Novometer" schools. In the region until 1917, they were registered-valued 92. They caused discontent with the reaction part of the clergy and anxiety of the royal administration, which allowed them to open only after the program approval. On the experience of novometer schools, the first buvari on sound and syllable methods were created: "Adibi Avival" (first mentor) Manyanvar Kara Abdurashidkhanova, "Birinchi Malalim" (per-teacher) Abdullah Avloni, etc. Despite the pressure, the original Kul-Tour continued to develop. During these years, they created their works of torment, table, asiri, Bekhbudi, Khoj Muin and others. Uzbek developed, both folk and classical music, crafts, applied art items, etc. Speaking about the cultural and scientific life of the region, it is impossible to not be noted and penetration of European culture and science here. P.T. Semenov-Tian-Shansky, L.P. Fedchenko, V.L.Vyatkin, who found in 1908 in 1908 in 1908 in 1908 in Samarkand Obligbek. The edge attend actors, touring teams. Thus, in 1910, the famous Russian actress V.F.Komissarzhsvskaya performed in Tashkent. It should be noted that the fusion of cultures did not happen.

Topic 12. National-liberation struggle of the peoples of Turkestan against the royal oppression. Jadidsm.

Central Asian trips: Participation of the Orenburg Cossacks. S. p. There were part of the vehicle. Policies of the Russian Empire for Mastering Terr. SR-Asian. State-c.

Hivinsky campaign 1839-40 . Taken for the purpose of conquering Khiva Khanate. Organizer and hands. Gen.-Adjutant V. A. Perovsky, in the beginning. Summer 1839 Walking topographers for a device of 2 reference points, fortifications were laid on the spot: on P. Emba (in 500 versts from Orenburg) and near Oz. Chuchka-Kul (in 170 versts from Embune Strengthening). The expedition detachment included 3.5 infantry battalion (half of the 1st, 2, 3 and 4th Orenb. Linear battalions), 2 shelf detachment made a topograph. Shot of the terrain, determined the route of the future movement, put the storm to the cockdocker. Kurds-Kurgan and Shim-Kurgan; Having lost 15 killed 15 and injured 57 people, was forced to retreat. In the 2nd floor. May 1853 under the command of Perovsky made a detachment of 2170 people. With 12 guns, to-ry had a sapper team and several. Pontoon boats. The fortress was taken on July 22, 1853. During the assault, V. K. Demenov, Cossacks of the 2nd military. District (Esaululy A. N. Silnov and I. Pechenkin, Production. In the Chin of Lieutenant Colonel; Primers of P. Krucchinin and V. Hypnikov, awarded China Horujego). Bottom The ranks were granted 50 marks of the difference of military. Order for Christians and 12 - for Muslims. Detachment out of 200 Orenb. Cossacks under the command of I. V. Padurova participated in the taking of crepe. Jugger (near Ak-Mosque). On the highest command of the Ak-Mosque was speaking. In Fort Perovsky (31 Aug. 1835). Pepovsky detachment founded a number of fortifications on the shores of Syrdarya and its tributaries: on the sleeve of the Casual - Fort No. 1, on the tract of Cammakchi - Fort number 2. Kurds-Kurgan was facing the Fort number Z. Leaving the garrison in Forte, Persian squad returned to Orenburg. On Dec. 1853 The fortress was besieged by cockdere. The defense of the Fort was headed by the commandant underwent. M. V. Ogarov and the captain of the 4th Orenb. Linear battalion V. I. Shkup, the commander of the detachment (450 people), which came from the fortress 18 Dec., silently reached the enemy. Camps and by installing 4 art. The guns and a rocket machine, opened fire by unpleasant. artillery and camp. With the participation of the garrison of the fortress, the enemy was defeated and turned into flight. Ogarev out of turn received rank general major, Captain Skup was produced in lieutenant colonels. New fortifications laid the beginning of the Syrdarya line, which played an important role in stabilizing the situation on the steppe terr. and promotion Rus. troops in the CP.-Asian. possessions.

Taking Tashkent and Samarkand (1865-68). In 1864 for connecting Sib. And the Orenburg military-border lines were sent to each other 2 detachments (from Orenburg and Siberia): Orenb. - Up Syrdarya to Turkestan, Zap.-Sib.- along the Alexandrovsky XP. Zap.-Sib. Detachment (2.5 thousand people; commander of the regiment. M. G. Chernyaev) In June, took the storm the crepe. Aulie Ata; Orenb. (1.2 thousand people; regiment. N. A. Verekkin) - Turkestan. Connecting, the detachments of July 20 captured the Chimkent. Then a 114-minded throw to Tashkent, ended in failure. In 1865, a 2nd trip to Tashkent was organized. After the assault (May 15-17), the city was taken (Russian losses amounted to 25 people. Killed and 117 wounded). In 1866 is busy walking. Oct 12. 1866 Rus. Troops consisting of 16 mouth, 5 hundred and rocket team approached the crepe. Jizzak (unity. Obrage on the way to Samarkand). Nach Turkestan region Gen.-m. D. I. Romanovsky 13 Oct. Recomplication was made. By the morning of 18 oct. Artillery struck 2 bars: one - south. The wall at the Samarkand Gate, Dr. - in the South-Vost. Two columns of 4 companies in each with the support of sappers and the Cossacks stormed the fortress: 1st (Captain Mikhailovsky) - from the south-east. Parties, 2nd (Lieutenk. Grigoriev) - from the south. Three hundred Cossacks under the command of Lieutenk. E. A. Pistolkorsa conducted a distracting maneuver with S.-Z. Part of the garrison was covered in ext. Citadel, etc. were intercepted while trying to escape. The rest, including 16 Becks and the commandant Allara, died in a hand-to-hand fight. The loss of the enemy was approx. 6 thousand people, Russian loss - 98 people. wounded and killed. In the spring, 1868 lives. Samarkand without a fight passed the city.

Taking Kitaba (1870). Detachment from the troops of the Samarkand garrison under the command of Gen.-m. A. K. Abramova made 7 Aug. 1870 towards Alai XP., 8 Aug. reached the crepe. Jama. Followed 2 columns: 1st (regiment commander. Mikhailovsky) - 3rd Turkestan linear battalion, 6 guns of the battery of the Turkestan Brigade, 1st Division of the 3rd Battery Connoart. OKV Brigades (Esaul D. A. Topornin), 6 rocket machines, 2 Orenb. Kaz. Hundreds (No. 6 - Esoula P. I. Vaulin and No. 15 - Esoula N. I. Batyreva); 2nd (regiment. Floorline) - 3 companies of the 9th Turkestan linear battalion, 2 mountain weapons, 2 rocket machine and sewerous Cossacks from Sib. Kaz. Troops under the command of Headquarters Rothmistra Baizhevich. In the reserve of the 1st column there were 2 companies of the 6th Turkestan linear battalion, 2nd - company of the 9th Turkestan battalion; nach The detachment headquarters was the regiment. V.N. Trotsky. Commander of the detachment gene. Abramov 13 Aug. He conducted a reconnaissance, taking the 15th Orenb in the convoy. hundred. Volunteers from Orenb took part in the fortress storm. Cossacks. Orenb. A hundred covered art. Battery from the enemy cavalry. Aug 14. 1870 Kitab was taken.

Hivinsky campaign 1873. . Under the general hand-in gene. K. P. Kaufman was formed by 4 detachments: Turkestan, Mangyshlak, Krasnovodsky and Orenb. (Total approx. 13 thousand people). At the end of Fevr.- All March they performed 3 columns - from Jizzak, Kazalinsk and from the banks of the Caspian Sea. 3 hundred Urals participated in the campaign. and 6 hundred Orenb. Cossacks. In Orenb. Detachment (Nach. Gen.p. Verevkin) entered: 3 platforms of the 2nd Orenb. Kaz. batteries (142 people); 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6th Orenb. Kaz. hundred. From Orenburg 14 Feb. 1873 performed 2 hundred OKV with 6 tools of the 2nd equestrian battery; From Orsk 20 and 23 Feb. - another 4 hundred. March 26 began movement from Emba along the coast of Amudarya. The composition of the Turkestan detachment (Gen.-Adjutant Kaufman) was part of: 1st Battery Connoarth. brigades; 3, 8, 12, 17th Orenb. hundreds; Half 1 hundred. With zap. Sides to Khiva approached Orenb. and mangischlak squads; With the Vost.-Turkestan. Detachment gene. Verevkin approached Khiva on May 28. Kaufman ordered the Verevkin to stop the fire, if the Khivinians will "keep quietly", connect with the Turkestan detachment. Verevkin sent 2 inches of infantry to the connection with the Kaufman squad and 4 hundred Cossacks with 2 tools, etc. Part of the troops left on combat positions. After the refusal of Khan to pass the Fortress of Orenb. The detachment took the city before arriving there. Kaufman. Khan fled from Khiva to Khazavat to Turkmen, with the help of the reasons, it was assumed to continue the fight against the Russians; June 2 returned "with the expansion of humility." The settled population of Khanate resistance did not provide. The unwillingness of the Turkmen comply with the requirement of Kaufman and contribute to the amount of 300 thousand rubles. Forced rus. Troops resort to strength. On June 7, Kaufman's detachment moved to the center of Turkmen nomads. 17th Orenb. A hundred consisting of a detachment under the command of Gen.-m. N. N. Golovacheva made a trip to conquer the Turkmen tribe of the Andyudov. Of all the hundreds of detachment, divisions were formed 2 hundred in each; 17th Orenb. And the 5th Semirechenskaya hundreds made up the 3rd division (the commander of his imperial Highness of the KN. Evgeny Maximilianovich Romanovsky Duke Leiktenberg). June 17, 1st and 2nd Ural., 8th and 12th Orenb., The 5th Semirechenskaya hundreds participated in the persecution of retreating Turkmen. 12 Aug. 1873 The world was signed in Khiva. Russian losses were: in the Turkestan detachment - 8 people. killed and 50 injured; in Orenb.- 6 and 14; in Mangyshlak - 7 and 52; At the Squadron of the Aral Flotilla - 12 and 8. Cossacks 17th Dep. Orenb. Hundreds for differences in battles on June 15 and 16, signs on hats with the inscription were complained: "For the Khiviny campaign in 1873."

Kokandy campaign 1875-76 . In 1875, Kipchaki (see Kypchaki) invaded Russian. The limits, took the leaders of Zeravshan and the surroundings of Khododeh. Abdurahman-Autobacobachas, who headed the circles of Kokand Khanty's dissatisfied with Russian politician, made the center of the military. Operations strengthening Mahram on the left bank of Syrdarya. After the report of M. D. Skobeliev about the situation in Hangey gene. Kaufman decided to send a detachment for the pacification of Kypchakov. From Tashkent, 12 roses arrows, 2nd linear battalion, Sib. Kaz. The regiment of 4 hundred, the third Orenburg Cossack battery, a rocket gathering from the Cossacks of the 1st Sib. shelf. Simultane. From Samarkand spoke from a consolidated Orenb.-Ural. Shelf 1st Orenb. And the 2nd Urals. Hundreds and half of the rocket battery. Detachment under the command of the regiment. Efimovich, having passed 200 miles, arrived in Khodeven. 18 Aug. 1875 unite Detachment (beginning Cavalry of the Skobelev) under the command of Gen.-m. V. N. Golovacheva went to the crepe. Machram consisting of 12 mouth rod. Brigades, the 2nd linear battalion at 2 hiking and 1 kaz. Batteries, 8 hundred Cossacks, consolidated missile battery. Skobelev, having received an order to stay on the east. The side of Mahrama and cover the rear, left his pom. regiment. Asherkas with 4 hundred Cossacks in decree. Place, himself with 4 other hundreds (1 Urals. and 3 Orenb.) And the rocket battery went to Kokand. Passing ok. 4 miles, hundreds overcame deep aryk with sheer shores. On the crossing of the scraled leaves 2 Orenb. Kaz. Hundreds and battery under the command of the regiment. Schubin, with the 1st Orenb. And the 2nd Urals. A hundreds of 5-thousand column of the Kokand infantry retreating from Mahrama. For this fight 1st Orenb. And the 2nd Urals. Hundreds were awarded silver pipes with the inscription: "For the difference in the case of August 22, 1875,", commander of the division of the military officer of the Rodges and commander hundreds of Urals. Kaz. Troops Esaul L. I. Zhigalin awarded the HRD. St. George 4th step. 22 Aug. 1875 Kaufman's detachment took a crepe. Mahram. The losses of Kokandsev made up sv. 2 thousand people killed; among Russians 5 people. were killed, 8 were injured. Kaufman's troops 29 Aug. without a fight took Kokand, 8 hundred. - Margelaan. 22 Saint. A contract was concluded with Nasre-Eddin, he recognized Rus in Kr. The citizenship and was obliged to pay the annual tribute to 500 thousand rubles. After the deposit Rus. Retreats from Khanate there was flashed there. Abdurahman-autobacobi, who had previously escaped, overthrew the Nasre Eddin, who fled to Hodge, and proclaimed Khan Pulat-Bek. Life. Namangan, taking advantage of the lack of Squarev, attacked the remaining garrison. Returned Skobeliev subjected the city of art. Shelling, then with a detachment of 2.8 thousand. person. (In the figure, others included 1, 2 and 5th Orenb. Hundreds, a rocket battery division and the 3rd battery division Meller-Okomelsky) made up a sperm team, the shooter. And the 1st company of the 2nd Turkestan linear battalion, a conpens machine. Division in walking build and 1 tool 3rd Orenb. Connoart. batteries; 2nd (Captain ions) - 1st company of the 1st Turkestan Route. Battalion, 1, 2 and 5 haired Orenb. Kaz. hundred and rocket platoon; The 3rd (Lieutenant. Androsov) was reserve, consisted of the 3rd company of the 2nd Turkestan linear battalion, the 2nd and 3rd company of the 2nd Turkestan Route. Battalion, hurried seven-year hundreds, 6 guns equestrian 3rd Orenb. art. Batteries and 3 guns of movable platforms. 8 Jan. 1876 \u200b\u200bDetachment artillery under the command of Lieutenk. I. F. Fedrapolsky went to a position in a half-seater from a sketch-lick. From parts that made up the cover of artillery, an assault column was formed (the commander of the Semirechensky Kaz. Troops Baron Shakelberg), mastered the strengthening. Column Ionov (1, 2 and 5th Orenb. Kaz. Hundreds) went to the center. Parts of the city, 2 hundred Esoula Dubrovina broke into the mosque. 10 Jan. 1876 \u200b\u200bThe city was completely busy. To pursue the escaped Pulat Khan, a detachment was formed under the command of Meller-Okomelsky: 1, 2 and 5th Orenb. Hundreds, 2 half-semen 2nd Semirechenskaya hundreds, 1, 2 and 5th Sib. Hundreds, 2nd squadron horse rowers, rocket battery and division of the 3rd Battery Connoart. Brigades of the OKV. Jan 27 The detachment spoke from Andijan. In the village of Uch-Kurgan defeated the army of Pulat-Khan, who stopped for the night. The capture of Kokanda passed without a fight on February 7. 1876. At the same time, 1, 2 and 5th Orenb distinguished themselves. Kaz. Hundreds and 3rd Orenburg Cossack battery. Life. Margelana, Kokand, Osh sent their dep. In Andijan to email the gene. Skobelayev and asking for the adoption of the "White Tsar". Decree 19 Feb. 1876 \u200b\u200bKokand Khanate was joined in Russia, forming the Fergana region.

Alaic campaign 1876. . In 1876, Alai Kara-Kirghiz raised the uprising. Gen.-Adjutant Kaufman prescribed Skobelaev to form an expeditionary detachment, make a campaign to the mountains to take action to Naples. Submission of Karakirgizov. The detachment was included in 1 company from 2, 4 and 15th Turkestan line battalions, 2 companies from the 1st Turkestan Route. Battalion, sapper team, Connectal. Division, 3 hundred Orenb. and 2 hundred Urals. Kaz. troops, missile battery. July 17, the squad began to move in the mountains. Captain A. N. Kuropatkin (subsequently military. Minister of Russia) participated in the campaign. Skobelev with part of the detachment was examined by the Kashgar border, the remaining troops up to 15 seconds. accelerated the surviving tanks of rebels and led them to obedience.

Akhaltein military expedition (1878- 81). In 1878, a detachment (7310 people of infantry, 2000 - cavalry and 34 guns) was sent to the Cavalry and 34 tools under the command to stop Russia for the cessation of Tekintsev's raids. N. P. Lomakina, in June 1879, who took the strengthening of Duz-Alum, Kara-Kala, Tersakan, 8 Aug. Bengesgen. 28 Aug. It was decided to storm the crepe. Geok-Tepe, in Kyoy. According to intelligence, there were up to 15 thousand defenders. Almost 6 battalions of soldiers and 8 squadrons and hundreds of cavalry (from diseases and depletions of the number of soldiers decreased more than half, food was reduced to the limit. Qty) After an art. Shelling Lomakin moved all his strength in the attack. It was not possible to master the strengthening, losses amounted to 453 people. killed (Tekintsev damage - up to 2 thousand people). In the morning 29 Aug. The detachment retreated. Right-in-wing was decided to take the 2nd campaign under the command of Skobelev. At the end of May 1880 three hundred 5th Orenb. Kaz. The regiment was sent to the Nizhne-Embune Strengthening, where they should have convened to the Custinian region. Caravans of camels for exp. Skobeleva. Besides Orenb. Cossacks for this purpose to strengthen profits 2 hundred Urals. Cossacks. Orenb. Hundreds of July 29, 1880 performed a caravan of camels in the desert in the direction of the current military. Detachment of the Custinian region, 30 Saint. Profit in the Kinderlin Bay. Ural. Kaz. Hundreds, having completed his task, on the steamers were sent to their homeland. Orenb. Hundreds of 3 Oct. With the headquarters of the 5th regiment spoke from the Bay of Kinderlin, 16 Oct. Arrived in Krasnovodsk, then sent for steamers to the Mikhailovsky Bay. 18 Nov. Entered into Kizil-Arvat. Guarded military. Transportation from the attacks of the Tecintsev, was used by the scareboy to explore. Shards. 21 Nov. 1880 began military. Part exp., It was conducted several. combat records. The number of defenders of crepe. Geok-Tepe was up to 10 thousand canes and up to 20 thousand people. Infantry. 12 Jan. 1881 The fortress was taken. At the same time, the detachment was distinguished (Orenb. And the Ural. Kaz. Hundreds, 2 infantry companies and a mountain battery) from the Turkestan military. District under the command of the regiment. Kuropatkin. Russian losses amounted to 398 people. For the persecution of Tecintsev, a detachment was sent from Arm. Cavalry and Cossacks. January 18 Busy Aul Ashabad (Ashgabat). On May 6, the Akhaltein Oasis was joined in Russia. In Apr. 1881 Orenb. Hundreds performed in the return trip, in the Bay of Mikhailovsky were sent by the sea, then along the Volga to Samara; in the 2nd floor. May 1881 arrived in Ufa. Orenb. Kaz. A hundred, which was part of the Turkestan detachment, together with him went to the service in the Turkestan military. District.