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Lesson form: lesson of learning new material using ICT.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational: continue acquaintance of students with the names of our country at different times.
• Developing: develop thinking, speech, attention, cognitive interest.
• Educational: cultivate the habit of business cooperation in the classroom, interest in the past of their country.

Equipment: Textbooks, literature: "The world around us" textbook for grade 3, by N.F. Vinogradova, workbook No. 1 "Learning to know the world", encyclopedia "I know the world" History of Russia, EV Saplina "Introduction to history" 4 class.

TCO funds: computer, projector, screen.

During the classes.

1. Organizational moment.

Now check it out, buddy, are you ready to start your lesson?
Everything is in place, everything is in order
Pen, book and notebook?
Is everyone sitting correctly, is everyone looking attentively?
Everyone wants to get only a grade "5" (slide 2)

2. Repetition

Tell:

How did the names of our Motherland come about - Rus, Russia?

What is a chronicle?

What was the name of the first chronicler?

What do you know about the first Russian tsar? (slide 3)

3. New material.

By the end of the 17th century, Russia began to be called Russia. (slide 4)

In 1682, the ten-year-old son of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Natalia Kirillovna was proclaimed tsar . (slide 5)

A.S. Pushkin wrote about this man as follows:

“Now an academician, now a hero,

Now the navigator, now the carpenter.

He is an all-encompassing soul

The eternal worker was on the throne. (slide 6)

Who do you think A.S. Pushkin could say so about?

Why did the poet say so about Peter I? (slide 7)

In Russian history, Peter was the most unusual king because:

• He mastered 15 craft specialties;
• Built a city;
• Created the first Russian fleet;
• He opened the first museum. (slide 8)

Saint Petersburg. (slides 9-11)

Additional material.

Decided by PeterI to lay a city at the mouth of the Neva River. The shores were swampy and deserted. Floods were frequent. But the king's decision was adamant. More than 40 thousand people from all over Russia were driven to work annually. They drained swamps, dug ditches, made embankments, and paved muddy streets. There was not enough wood, brick, stone.

People suffered from hunger and disease. Sometimes they didn't see bread for six months. Thousands of people died from harsh conditions. New ones were brought in their place.

But time passed. The city grew, became more beautiful, richer.

The fleet of Peter I. (slide 12)

Additional material.

In 1688, in the village of Izmailovo near Moscow, PeterI discovered a bot "St. Nicholas", English construction in the 1640s, which belonged to his ancestor boyar Nikita Ivanovich Romanov. The advantage of the boat, which Peter would later call "the grandfather of the Russian fleet", was that the sails on it were arranged so that they could sail against the wind. On it, the king mastered the basics of maritime affairs. (Slide 13)

Additional material.

In 1697, Peter visited a number of European countries. In Holland, under the name of "volunteer" Peter Mikhailov, he got a job as a carpenter at a shipyard, where he studied ship architecture for six months.

(slides 14-15)

April 2, 1696 is considered the birthday of the Russian fleet: the Principium, St. Mark and St. Matthew galleys were launched. (slide16)

Russia became a shipping country. (slide 17)

The first museum "Kunstkamera" (slide 18)

In November 1724, while rescuing people from a stranded boat, the emperor caught a bad cold. The disease was fatal. (slide 19)

1721 is an important date in the history of Russia, Peter I took the title of emperor, and Russia began to be called the Russian Empire. Grateful descendants erected a monument to the first Russian emperor in St. Petersburg. (slide 20)

4. Physical education (slide 21)

Soviet Russia is the name of the next page in history.

The 20th century has come. In 1917, two very serious events took place.

In February, the last Russian tsar, Nicholas II, was dethroned.

Power passed to the interim government. (slide 22-23)

But in the fall of the same year, a plan for seizing power in the country was developed by the Bolshevik party led by V.I. Lenin. (slide 24)

After the revolution, the historical name of our country was canceled. And since 1922, the country began to be called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Coat of arms, flag of the USSR. 15 union republics were part of the USSR. (slide 25)

And the last page of our lesson, the last name of our state is Russia, the Russian Federation. The first president of the new state was Boris Yeltsin. (slide 26)

Each state has symbols. This is the coat of arms, flag and anthem. Let's try to find out: what can the symbols of our country tell us?

• The Russian flag is a three-color panel with white, blue and red stripes. It appeared for the first time in 1693, and became the only flag of the Russian state during the reign of Alexander III.
• Since 1993 it is the state flag of the Russian
• Federation . (slide 27)
• According to one version, this is the unity of the sea, earth and sky. On the other hand, it is a commonwealth of three Slavic peoples. According to the third, these are symbols: white - faith, purity; blue - sky, gratitude, loyalty; red - heroism, courage, courage. (slide 28)
• - Coat of arms of Russia. Our coat of arms depicts a two-headed golden eagle. The eagle is a symbol of the sun, heavenly power, fire and immortality.
• It appeared 500 years ago - in 1497, it was introduced by Tsar Ivan III Vasilyevich - the Grand Duke of All Russia, as he was called. It was the coat of arms
• Moscow State, Russian State, Russian Empire, and now it is the coat of arms of the Russian Federation.
• Inside the Russian coat of arms is the coat of arms of Moscow. On it, on a red background, St. George the Victorious is depicted, striking a dragon with a spear.

(slide 29)

Anthem of Russia "Anthem" is a word of Greek origin, which means "a solemn, song of praise."

On December 30, 2000, the text of the new national anthem was approved by the decree of the President of Russia.

The words belong to the writer S.V. Mikhalkov, and the music by the composer A.V. Aleksandrov. Let's listen to the anthem of Russia. (slide 30)

5. Completing assignments in the workbook.

Task 68 - 71, pp. 23-24.

6. Lesson summary.

• To be a true patriot of your country,
• everyone needs to know the past well,
• to understand the present and foresee the future. (slide 31-33)

7. Reflection.(slide 34)

If you liked the lesson, raise the red heart, if not the green one.

"Culture of Russia 12-13 century" - Pskov. In Russia, its own healers appeared - letsi (healers). But in church art more and more everyday subjects began to be present. A new period in the history of Russian annals began from the 12th century. Local cultural centers have appeared. Russian artists, neglecting the canons, introduced the author's manner of writing into their works.

"Steels and cast irons" - 4. By designation - general-purpose steel, structural, tool, special. 4a. General purpose steels are always carbonaceous of ordinary quality. Malleable cast iron - KCH 30-6 (? In \u003d 30 kg / mm2,? \u003d 6%). The structure of white cast irons is described by the iron-cementite diagram. They are marked with a two-digit number indicating the carbon content in hundredths of a percent.

"Culture of Russia 9-13 centuries" - Russian Culture Characteristic features. Alien international influence. 1. Features of Russian culture X - early XIII centuries. 2. Literacy, writing in Russia. Pagan, Christian, Church, Folk, Written, Oral. The crowning of buildings with turrets and towers. A. Yugov. The presence of outbuildings. Chronicle and literature.

"Houses in Russia" - The finished oil was washed in cold water. In ancient Russia, besides the utilitarian one, the pot had a different service. What is the purpose and location of the table in the Russian hut? To make an ax is to pass the first exam. The flat tabletop was revered as “God's palm” giving bread. In winter and summer, the peasants put on "bast shoes" on their feet.

"Rus" - To reveal the process of the Christianization of Rus. Expand ideas about paganism. Adoption of Christianity in Russia. What are the reasons and conditions for the adoption of Christianity in Russia? Education. The baptistery font where Prince Vladimir was baptized. Is Vladimir's approval in Kiev an accident or a pattern? Lesson Objectives:

"Cast Iron and Steel" - Steel. Properties of metals. Cast iron is a brittle hard alloy. This means that steel is a more resilient material than copper. If you do the same with a copper plate, the hole will be larger. Manufacturing of products from long products. In production, these operations are performed by a mechanic. You will see that the first will shrink again, and the second will remain in the same position.

The author believes that starting with writing the final article about state Rus - it is necessary only after the creation of related articles by categories and smaller points, therefore at the beginning there will be only a small introduction, and then the text of the article - Rus Wikipedia, which, despite its anti-Russian bias, remains the main source of Russian knowledge on the Internet.

1. In this article - Russia is a notation for feudal state, which appeared in the middle of the 9th century - officially in 862 according to some legend from the oldest Russian chronicle of the Tale of Bygone Years - after the vocation of the Varangians by several Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes that inhabited the northern part of the European part of the modern Russian Federation.

2. However, the Tale of Bygone Years cannot be considered a reliable source of historical facts, since it contradicts Byzantine sources and European and Arabic texts, which certainly have great reliability. After all, the chronicler Nestor did not reflect the facts, but the established after 200 years from the events that took place idea of \u200b\u200bthemwhich suited the elite of the Old Russian state and that the elite wanted to preserve and pass on to descendants as true events. After all, no one disputes that the text of the chronicle reflects the desire of this elite to exalt the first princes as the founders of the Rurik dynasty. For this reason, the Tale of Bygone Years can be considered rather a literary work of the beginning of the second millennium, from which we can only get a more or less reliable idea of \u200b\u200bthe contemporaries of the monk Nestor.

3. Based on the dating of the Rus campaign to Constantinople no later than June 860 and, which in more reliable sources is described as rus attack on the northern outskirts the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, and it is known that the robbers, whose fleet consisted of several dozen ships, arrived precisely from the Black Sea. Also, the designation of burglars as rus (grew up or Rus) by the Byzantine chroniclers themselves turns the whole question of the origin of the name Rus in the direction of the biblical prince Ρώς (Rus. Roche from the Book of the Prophet Ezekiel), it also breaks the entire recognized order of the formation of feudal states among the Eastern Slavs, tk. that is based on the Russian chronicle.

It is generally accepted that the Romans, under the impression of an attack on the suburbs of Constantinople from the northern side, from where they never expected any enemies, used to designate unexpected robbers - the name Ros (Ρώς ), since in the Bible in relation to Constantinople, the land of the mythical prince Pώς Roche. In the Eastern Roman Empire they knew the Black Sea (Pontus Euxinus) and the adjacent lands quite well, therefore Constantinople was not protected from the north side, since the Byzantines believed that the peoples of the Black Sea region they knew (and the Romans-Romans probably knew the Khazars, who were not distinguished from the ancient Scythians) - they could not pose a danger to them.

Several eyewitness accounts of the attack and records of Roman historians such as Nikita the Paphlogonyan have survived, who in the early 10th century, in his Life of Patriarch Ignatius, reports on the plundering of several other Byzantine settlements (such as Stenon) on the islands, which in 860 definitely produced those the same unknown pirates from the north:

« At this time, more stained with murder than any of the Scythians, a people called Ros, by Euxine pontus (Black Sea) having come to Stenon and ravaging all villages, all monasteries, now he raided the islands near Byzantium [Constantinople], plundering all [precious] vessels and treasures, and having captured people, he killed all of them.».

The events are covered in more detail by a direct participant in the events - Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople, who, in order to praise Orthodoxy and himself, outlined the details of the event in the form of a miracle, since the unexpected foray of the Rus was just as unexpectedly completed.

The details of the raid and the description of the miracle, like embellishment of events in the texts of Photius' surviving sermons (two homilies, conversations), are not particularly important to us, except maybe a few words - “a mysterious people ... which were unknown until now, and we recognized him the name when he attacked us ”, which rather introduce even more uncertainty into the question of the origin of the name Rus.

Without these words, it was possible to unconditionally recognize the fact that the robbers took with them (rather with captured prisoners) the name that they were designated in Constantinople. If do not discard the plot about the biblical prince Roche, whose troops the Romans considered the attackers in 860, they probably already guessed about the northern origin of the attackers, since earlier the same pirates had already plundered settlements on the shores of the Black Sea. For residents of Constantinople the surprise was the raid itself, but the name of the pirates themselves - the Rus - was already known throughout Byzantium.

We do not know for what reasons the father of Ivan the Terrible, Vasily III, himself, as the son of Sophia Paleologus, who already had legal rights to the title of Caesar, did not accept the title of tsar, although some European monarchs called him emperor. Most likely there was no ideological design, and the not entirely successful wars with the Kazan Khanate did not allow Vasily to consider himself completely independent.

The fact is that in the personality of Ivan the Terrible himself many dynastic lines converged - a direct descendant of Rurik, he already had a great-grandmother in his family under the name Monomakhin, or as she was called - Greek queen from the imperial family of Monomakh, the former wife of Vladimir Monomakh, was the great-grandson of both the Tatar temnik Mamai (by his mother Elena from the Glinsky clan) and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Gedimin (the father of the Terrible Vasily II was the grandson of Vitovt), which allowed him to have all the titles belonging to monarchs Byzantine Empire, not to mention the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. However, Ivan himself was seeking recognition of the title of tsar, and not the qualifying word "p aboutssian "or the name P aboutcsiya, which is likely to happen in the time of troubles already under False Dmitry - the Polish henchman, since from the Poles into the Russian language it will consonance of Russia Polish term Rosja (which the Poles themselves borrowed from the Latin Rossia).

1. The population of this part consisted mostly of the Slavs, who were developing these lands, probably already from the beginning of the new era, but the Avar Kaganate, created by the Turkic nomads in the territories of the Middle Danube Plain, which was the center of the Slavic union of tribes, which had the name Anty, became the catalyst ... The Avric Kaganate helped to settle the Slavs as its city in the Balkans and Central Europe, but bribed by the Byzantine Empire, he waged a war against the Ants.

2.862 is considered the year of the emergence of statehood in the feudal sense among the Eastern Slavs, for the reason that the head of the Varangians, Rurik, who was invited this year as an inter-tribal arbiter, made a coup in essence, seizing the supreme power, since he decided to settle down with with its clan, which had a name - Russia, as the new elite of the entire union of tribes that called it.

3. Rurik's stronghold was the new fortress of Rurik's Settlement, where almost here he had already moved from the unfortified Staraya Ladoga, which was traditionally assigned to him as a residence. The place was of strategic importance - since there was the largest trading platform nearby, where people naturally flocked and, probably, even before Rurik, which was a large settlement. Perhaps Rurik's choice of a place for his castle on a low hill on an island 2 kilometers away contributed to the renaming of graying into Novgorod (New City). The fortress of Rurikovo Gorodishche by modern standards will seem like a tiny fortification, but it defended the "settlement" (posad) on the rest of the territory of this tiny island, where overseas merchants, who were called "Varangian guests", stayed for a while and settled for a long time.

4. The economic successes of Novgorod and the fortified base, where there was a fairly large Varangian settlement, allowed Rurik to redirect the flow of tribute to his own residence. Rurik initially came not just as an arbiter and guard of Ladoga, but he immediately appointed his representatives to the tribes, who received the rights of sole rulers there.

5. We cannot say that Rurik originally had plans to seize lands located to the south and inhabited by Slavs, who were related to the tribes of the northern Slavs, but all states at that time were territorial empires, the main meaning of which was to increase the size of the territory. The state was then presented to people precisely as a seized territory, the inhabitants of which, for this reason, were obliged to pay - now not tribute, but constant taxes. However, as soon as Rurik came to Russia, count from the moment of arrival

Russia on the eve of Batu's invasion

Images.png External images

Image-silk.png East Slavic lands in the 9th century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia in the X century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia in the XI century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia in the XII century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the beginning of the XIII century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the end of the XIII century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the beginning of the XIV century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the end of the XIV century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia 1400-1462

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia 1462-1505

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the beginning of the 16th century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the end of the 16th century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the beginning of the 17th century

Image-silk.png Polit. map of Russia at the end of the 17th century

Russia (Old Russian rѹs, rѹskaѧ zemlѧ, Old Scandal Garðaríki, Greek Ῥωσία, Latin Russia, Ruthenia) is a vast ethnocultural region in Eastern Europe, the historical name of the East Slavic lands. The influential Old Russian state that emerged on these lands, whose political heyday fell on the X-XI centuries, became the basis for the formation of a single Old Russian nationality, language and culture. In 988, the baptism of Russia took place according to the Orthodox rite. The feudal fragmentation of Russia and the Mongol invasion entailed the falling of its individual parts under the authority of external centers of power, stopping the consolidation processes and subsequently causing different development of cultural, linguistic, and also, in part, religious traditions. At the end of the 15th century, an independent united Russian state was re-formed in North-Eastern Russia, whose struggle with external rivals for the collection of Russian lands became one of the main defining lines of policy and history of Eastern Europe for several centuries.

1 The origin and use of the word "Rus"

2 Formation of Ancient Russia

2.1 First mentions

2.2 Development of Russian cities

2.3 Old Russian state

2.3.1 Novgorod Rus

2.3.2 Kievan Rus

3 Russia after the Mongol invasion

3.1 Rus under the Mongol-Tatar yoke

3.2 Rivalry of Moscow Russia with the ON and the Commonwealth

4 Ethnonyms

5 Culture

7 See also

8 Notes

9 Literature

The origin and use of the word "Rus"

Main article: Rus (title)

The name of Rus comes from the chronicle tribe Rus, who founded the Old Russian state. In some sources relating to the XI-XII centuries, the use of the concepts of Russia or Russian land is limited only to the Kiev principality as a collective possession of the princes-Rurikovich and the location of the grand prince's throne. Since the 12th century, the name is gradually transferred to all appanage principalities. In historiography, the term Rus has been applied to the entire territory of the Old Russian state since its foundation in 862. As a result of the political division of Russia, clarifying terms arose, such as Little Russia, Great Russia, as well as late medieval divisions according to the color scheme. In the titles of monarchs and representatives of the clergy, claiming general Russian legitimacy, the prefix "All Russia" was traditionally used. From the end of the 15th century, in the works of Orthodox scribes, Russia began to appear in the Hellenized form of Russia, which later became official in the Russian state. The concept of Russia is widespread in folklore and poetry - Holy Russia, Epic Russia, Mother Russia.

In Western medieval sources, the word Rus occurs in the forms Russia, Ruthenia, Roxolania, Ruscia or Ruzzia. According to the Polish-Lithuanian historical and journalistic tradition, the term Rus was used only for the lands of South-Western Russia subject to their own monarchs, thereby rejecting the claims of the Moscow sovereigns to them. The Poles considered Lviv, the capital of the Russian province, to be the main city of Russia. Despite the fact that such terminology, together with the term Muscovy for the lands of North-Eastern Russia, was often adopted by Western sources, many of them continued to call all the lands of historical Russia by the term Russia.

The formation of ancient Russia

Main articles: Rus (people), Calling of the Varangians

First mentions

The earliest historical document testifying to the existence of the ancient Russian proto-state is the Bertine annals, which report the arrival of the Byzantine embassy from Emperor Theophilus to the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious in May 839. The Byzantine delegation included the ambassadors of the ros (rhos) people, sent to Constantinople by the ruler designated in the text as the khakan (chacanus). The ancient Russian state, about which practically nothing is known, during this period of time is conventionally designated in modern historiography as the Russian Kaganate.

In a number of chronicles, traces have been preserved that early information about Russia was also associated with the period of the reign of the Byzantine queen Irina (797-802). According to the researcher of the chronicles M. N. Tikhomirov, these data come from Byzantine church sources.

In 1919 A. A. Shakhmatov suggested that the Scandinavians called Staraya Russa Holmgard. According to his hypothesis, Rusa was the original capital of the most ancient country. And from this "ancient Rus ... shortly after" 839, the movement of Rus to the south began, leading to the founding of the "young Russian state" in Kiev around 840. In 1920, Academician S.F. Platonov noted that future research will, of course, collect more and better material for understanding and strengthening A.A. Shakhmatov's hypothesis about the Varangian center on the southern bank of the Ilmen, and that this hypothesis now has all the properties of a benign scientific construction and opens up a new historical perspective to us: Rusa - the city and Rusa - the region receive a new and very significant meaning.

According to G.V. Vernadsky, in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Ilmen by the middle of the ninth century a community of Swedish merchants arose, which, thanks to its commercial activities, was in one way or another connected with the Russian Kaganate (according to the historian, this is the area of \u200b\u200bthe mouth of the Kuban River on Taman) ... And the center of this northern "branch" of the Russian Kaganate was probably Staraya Rusa. According to Vernadsky, in the "vocation of the Varangians" according to the Ipatiev list ("rkosha rus, chud, Slovenia, and Krivichi and all: our land is great and abundant, but there is no outfit in it: let you go to reign and reign with us") - they participate "under the name Rus “members of the Swedish colony in Staraya Rus, mainly merchants who trade with the Russian Khaganate in the Azov region. Their goal in “calling the Varangians” was, first of all, to reopen the trade route to the south with the help of new units of Scandinavians ”.

V.V. Fomin also did not rule out that at the time of Rurik's calling, the region of Staraya Russa could be inhabited by some kind of Rus, and that the very early appearance of Rus here is due to the following fact - in ancient times, salt, which meets the needs of a huge territory of North-Western Russia, was mined only in the South Priilmenye (including the processing of leather, furs, exported).

Development of Russian cities

Main articles: Old Russian cities, Gardarika, Archeology of Ancient Russia

Map of trade relations of Russia in the XI - early XIII century

In the VIII century, two settlements were founded along the Volkhov river: the Lyubshan fortress (built by the South Baltic Slavs on the site of the Finnish fortress at the beginning of the VIII century) and, presumably later, two kilometers from it on the other bank of the Volkhov, the Scandinavian settlement of Ladoga. In the 760s, Ladoga was attacked by the Krivichi and Ilmen Slovenes, and its population until the 830s became predominantly Slavic (presumably the Krivichi).

In the late 830s, Ladoga burns down and the composition of its population changes again. Now the noticeable presence of the Scandinavian military elite is clearly traced in it (Scandinavian male military graves, "Thor's hammers", etc.)

In the 860s, a wave of wars and fires passed through the territory of northwest Russia. Ladoga, the Rurik settlement, the Lyubshanskaya fortress burned down (moreover, according to the arrowheads found within its walls, the siege and capture of Lyubsha was carried out exclusively or mainly by the non-Scandinavian (Slavic) population). After the fires, Lyubsha disappears forever, and the population of Ladoga becomes mainly Slavic - now this settlement takes on the appearance of a city, and becomes similar to trade Baltic wikis.

By the VIII - the first half of the IX centuries, archaeologists attribute the origin of the Rurik settlement, next to which three settlements appeared in the 930s (Krivichi, Ilmen Slovenes and Finno-Ugrians), which later merged into Veliky Novgorod. The nature of the settlement in the Rurik settlement allows us to attribute it to a military-administrative center with a pronounced Scandinavian culture in the early layers, and not only military, but also everyday (that is, they lived with families). The connection between the Rurikov settlement and Ladoga can be traced by the characteristic features of beads common in both settlements. Some hints of the origin of the newcomer population in the Rurik settlement are given by the analysis of pottery from the early layers, the correspondence of which is located on the southern coast of the Baltic.

Archaeological excavations in Kiev confirm the existence of a number of small isolated settlements on the site of the future capital of Russia since the 6th-8th centuries. The city-forming feature - defensive fortifications - has been noticeable since the VIII century (in the 780s the construction of fortifications on Starokievskaya Mountain by the northerners). Archaeological traces begin to indicate the central role of the city only from the 10th century, and from the same time the possible presence of the Varangians is determined.

Since the second half of the 9th century, Russia has been covered with a network of cities (a settlement in Gnezdovo near Smolensk, a Sarskoe settlement near Rostov, Timerevo near Yaroslavl), where the presence of elements of the Scandinavian military elite is clearly traced. These settlements served trade flows with the East. In some cities (Smolensk, Rostov), \u200b\u200bmentioned in the Old Russian chronicles as tribal centers of the 9th century, cultural urban layers older than the 11th century have not been found, although small settlements have been noted.

Archaeological research confirms the fact of great socio-economic shifts in the lands of the Eastern Slavs in the middle of the 9th century. In general, the results of archaeological research do not contradict the legend of the "Tale of Bygone Years" about the vocation of the Varangians in 862.

Old Russian state

Novgorod Rus

Main articles: Novgorod Rus, Old Russian state

Rurik's settlement near Veliky Novgorod

Kiev-Pechersk Lavra - one of the oldest monasteries in Russia and an all-Russian shrine

Silk-film.png External video files

Silk-film.png Rurik and their destinies. Visualization of changes 862-1350

Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir-on-Klyazma

Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr-Volynsky (1160)

The earliest Old Russian annalistic collection "The Tale of Bygone Years" sets out the formation of Russia on the basis of legends written down 250 years after the events themselves, and dates them to 862. The Union of Northern Peoples, which included the Slavic tribes of the Ilmenian Slovenes and the Krivichi, as well as the Finno-Ugric tribes of Chud and all, invited the Varangian princes from across the sea in order to stop internal strife and internecine wars (see the article The Call of the Varangians). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, the Varangian Prince Rurik first sat down to reign in Ladoga, and only after the death of his brothers he cut down the city of Novgorod and moved there. The existence of an unfortified settlement of Ladoga has been noted since the middle of the 8th century, and in Novgorod itself there is no dated cultural layer older than the 30s of the 10th century. But the location of the prince's residence in the so-called Rurik settlement, which arose in the first half of the 9th century near Novgorod, was confirmed.

The March of Russia to Constantinople (860) belongs to the same time, which "The Tale of Bygone Years" dates back to 866 and connects with the names of the Kiev princes Askold and Dir.

The year 862 - taken for the countdown of Russian statehood - is most likely a conditional date. According to one of the versions, the unknown Kiev chronicler of the 11th century chose the year 862 based on the memory of the so-called first baptism of Rus, which followed shortly after the raid of 860.

It was with the campaign of 860, if you literally trust the text of the chronicle, that its author connected the beginning of the Russian land:

In the year 6360 (852), indict 15, when Michael began to reign, the Russian land began to be called. We learned about this because under this tsar Russia came to Constantinople, as it is written about it in the Greek chronicles.

In the subsequent calculations of the chronicler it is said that "from Christ's Nativity to Constantine, 318 years, from Constantine to Michael this year 542", thus the year of the beginning of the reign of the Byzantine emperor Michael III is incorrectly named in the annals. There is a point of view that by the year 6360 the chronicler meant the year 860. It is indicated according to the Alexandrian era, which historians also call Antioch (5500 years should be subtracted to convert it to the modern one). However, the indication of the indict corresponds exactly to the year 852. In those days, according to the "Tale of Bygone Years," the Varangians-Rus created two independent centers: in the region of Ladoga and Novgorod, Rurik reigned, in Kiev - Askold and Dir, fellow tribesmen of Rurik. Kievan Rus (the Varangians ruling in the lands of the glades) adopted Christianity from the bishop of Constantinople.

Kievan Rus

Main article: Old Russian state

In 882, the capital of the Old Russian state was transferred to Kiev by Prince Oleg, the successor of Rurik. Oleg killed the princes of Kiev Askold and Dir, uniting the Novgorod and Kiev lands.

The heyday of Ancient (Kievan) Rus fell on the X-XI centuries. In 907, as a result of a successful campaign against Constantinople, the Russians were able to conclude a profitable trade agreement with Byzantium, with which a cultural exchange also began. In the second half of the 10th century, the Kiev prince Svyatoslav Igorevich defeated the Khazar Kaganate and briefly conquered the Bulgarian kingdom. In 988, his son Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich baptized Rus according to the Byzantine rite. In connection with the adoption of Christianity, the construction of stone temples began, writing spread. Rus gained the greatest authority under the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise, who founded the St. Sophia Cathedral, a library and published the first set of laws, Russian Truth. While maintaining close ties with Scandinavia, Russian princes entered into new dynastic marriages with Western Europe.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the process of princely strife and the feudal disintegration of the Old Russian state began. The raids of the steppe nomads, especially the Polovtsians, were a heavy burden for Russia. The princes of Kiev Vladimir Monomakh and his son Mstislav the Great were able to reverse the process of disintegration for some time, but subsequently Kiev was unable to oppose anything to the new centers of power and became the object of ruinous campaigns and strife. The decline of South Russia and the rise of other, previously peripheral, Russian principalities, such as Vladimir-Suzdal, Smolensk or Galicia-Volynskoe, are associated with the extinction of trade along the Dnieper, the frequent Polovtsian raids, endless princely strife for the Kiev throne, social oppression and other factors. During the XII-XIII centuries, significant migratory waves were noted from the middle Dnieper region to the northeast (see Slavic colonization of North-Eastern Russia), as well as towards the Carpathians.

Russia after the Mongol invasion

Russia under the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Main articles: Mongol invasion of Russia, Mongol-Tatar yoke

As a result of the devastating campaigns of 1237-1238 in North-Eastern Russia and 1239-1240 in South-Western Russia, a system of dependence of the Russian lands on the Mongol-Tatar khans was established. It consisted in paying tribute, receiving labels for the reign by certain applicants. The Mongol-Tatars actively intervened in the internecine disputes of the Russian princes, making regular punitive and predatory campaigns on the Russian lands.

Sergiy of Radonezh blesses Dmitry Donskoy and his governor before the Battle of Kulikovo. High relief 1847-1849

Wooden or stone detintsy (kremlin) is a characteristic core of many Russian cities

In Southwestern Russia, the power of the Golden Horde lasted until 1362, when the Golden Horde were defeated by the Lithuanians in the Battle of Blue Waters. After that, Southwestern Russia fell into dependence on the Lithuanian princes, who had already established control over individual principalities on the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine (the battle on the Irpen River). Galician land The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, following the war for the Galician-Volyn inheritance, was forced to cede to the Kingdom of Poland.

Northeastern Russia was politically dependent on the Golden Horde until 1480. The victory of the northeastern Russian princes, led by the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy, over the Tatar army in the Kulikovo battle entailed some weakening of political dependence (henceforth, the grand dukes ascended the throne without the khan's label), but did not bring the final overthrow of the yoke and the cessation of tribute payments. The final liberation was achieved as a result of the Standing on Ugra in 1480. Before and after this event, unification processes took place in Russia, as a result of which, during the reign of Ivan III, a single centralized independent Russian state was formed, which entered into a rivalry for the lands of Ancient Rus with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Rivalry between Moscow Russia and the ON and the Commonwealth

Main articles: Unification of Rus, Russo-Lithuanian Wars, Russo-Polish Wars

Formed under Ivan the Great, a single Russian state, which managed to free itself from dependence on the Golden Horde, strove to restore the Old Russian state within its former borders. Ivan the Great accepted the title of Sovereign of All Russia, which contained claims to Western Russia and a political program of reunification with it. As the only Orthodox state at that time, the Russian state also considered itself the heir to the Byzantine Empire, trying to act as the patron saint of the same faith in Lithuania, where Catholic discrimination against Orthodoxy was gaining strength.

Between the two states at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries, a number of wars took place, in which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania had to cede significant territories to the Russian state. Losing the historical battle for the West Russian lands, Lithuania was forced to resort to the help of the Kingdom of Poland, which was in personal union with it, over and over again. In 1569, at the height of the Livonian War, the Union of Lublin was concluded between both states, uniting both parts into a single state. As a result, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania transferred considerable southern Russian territories to the Polish Crown. The influence of Catholicism and pressure on the Orthodox also increased, resulting in the conclusion of the Brest Union and the official subordination of the Orthodox to the Pope. On the lands of Western Russia, this caused a tough inter-confessional struggle, contributed to the rise of a number of urban and Cossack uprisings, as well as the emergence among the Orthodox hierarchs and scribes who opposed the Union, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe triune Russian people and the Orthodox intercessor tsar.

In the military-political sense, the intervention of Poland for almost a century again turned the onslaught vector in the struggle for the lands of Rus to the east. The Livonian War found an unsuccessful end for Russia, Russia was greatly weakened as a result of the Polish-Lithuanian intervention during the Time of Troubles, and the attempt at revenge in the Smolensk War was also unsuccessful. In 1648-1654, another Cossack uprising led by Bohdan Khmelnitsky greatly weakened the Rzeczpospolita itself and led, as a result of the Pereyaslavl Rada, to the transition of the Hetmanate to the citizenship of the Russian tsar, as well as to a new Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667. After its end, the border of both rivals - the Russian kingdom and the Commonwealth - passed along the Dnieper, Kiev and Smolensk remained behind Russia, however, the Polish-Lithuanian state retained the lands of White Russia and the Right-Bank Ukraine. They were reunited with the rest of Russia only more than a century later, as a result of the divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, after it internally decomposed from the gentry abuses of "golden liberties" and inter-confessional conflicts.

The consequences of the Brest Union were canceled in 1839 at the Polotsk Cathedral, at which the return of the Uniates to Orthodoxy was approved on the territory of Russia. Uniatism remained the dominant religion only among the Galician Rusyns on the territory of Austria-Hungary. Galician and Subcarpathian Rus until the First World War remained the only parts of Rus under foreign rule.

Ethnonyms

Main articles: Rus, Rusyns (ethnonym of the past), Ethnonyms of Russians

Russian, Russian, Russian, Russian people - an ethnonym denoting the inhabitants of the Old Russian state. In the singular, the representative of the people of Russia was called Rusin (graphically "rousin", because of the method of transmitting the sound [y] in Cyrillic letters inherited from the Greek graphics), and the inhabitant of Russia was called "Rusky" or "Russian". If in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911 (the Treaty of Prophetic Oleg) it is not entirely clear whether all the inhabitants of Rus were called Rus, or only the Varangians-Rus, then in the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 944 (Igor Rurikovich's treaty) the name rus extends to “all people Rusky land ".

Fragment of the text of Igor's agreement with the Greeks from 944 (945 according to the shifted dating of the PVL):

if you strike with a sword or a spear, or a katsem with any weapon Rusin Grchin or Grchin Rusin, and in addition, it would be a sin to pay a silver liter 5, according to Russian law

Here "grchin" is used in the meaning of a resident of Byzantium, a Greek; the meaning of the term "Rusin" is debatable: either "a representative of the people of Rus" or "an inhabitant of Rus".

Even in the earliest versions of "Russkaya Pravda" that have come down to us, Russia is already fully equal with the Slavs:

If the husband kills the husband, then take revenge on the brother of the brother, or the son of the father, either the father of the son, or the brother, or the sister of the son. If there is no one to take revenge, then 40 hryvnia per head, if there is a Rusyn or a Gridin, or a merchant, or a Yabetnik, or a swordsman. If the outcast is either a Slav, then 40 hryvnia will be put for him.

In later editions, “Rusyn” and “Slavic” are listed as a continuous listing (or instead of “Rusyn” there is “citizen”), but there appear, for example, fines in the amount of 80 hryvnia for a princely tivun.

In a fragment of the treaty of Smolensk with the Germans of the 13th century, the word "Rousin" already means "Russian warrior":

Nemchichu can’t take you to Rousin’s field to fight in Rize and on Gatsky birch,

Rousinow can't take Nemchich on the field to fight Smolensk.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Ancient Rus

After the baptism of Russia, Christianity of the Byzantine rite (Orthodoxy) [source not specified 147 days], the use of the Cyrillic alphabet became the cultural characteristics uniting for the entire Russian space. Numerous samples [what?] Of spiritual culture were borrowed from the Greek and South Slavic cultural area.

In Russia, already in the XII century, leap years were known and taken into account.

see also

Russia (people)

Old Russian state

Novgorod Rus

Moscow Rus

North-Eastern Russia

Galicia-Volyn principality

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

Carpathian Rus

Territorial and political expansion of Russia

Map 5. Poland and Lithuania in 1466

In Western Russia, the Mongol yoke lasted for about one century and fell around 1350 - that is, a hundred years earlier than it ended in Eastern Russia. The Mongol rule in Western Russia was replaced by the rule of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Poland first established control only over the westernmost part of Ukraine, capturing Eastern Galicia in 1349. The rest of Ukraine and all of Belarus recognized the suzerainty of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who began to be called the Grand Duke of Lithuania, Russia and Samogit.

Although in this way Western Russia received a new institution of power, the Russian people within the boundaries of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania continued for some time to live in accordance with the ideas and institutions of the Kiev period. Only gradually did the new models change the political, religious, social and economic ways of life both in Belarus and in Ukraine.

The interaction of old Russian traditions and new institutions oriented towards Polish models forces historians and sociologists to take seriously the history of Western Russia in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. For a long time, researchers have been unable to get a holistic understanding of the historical picture of what happened in these lands of Eastern Europe - which for centuries served as the border between the Roman Catholic West and the Greek Orthodox East, and between Western Slavs and Eastern Slavs - due to the confusing national and religious background.

The study of this problem from a historical point of view is complicated by the fact that the power in this territory has been constantly changing from the Middle Ages to the new time, right up to the present day. During the Kiev period, the Western Russian lands and principalities were part of the Russian federation, the center of which was Kiev. Then came the Mongols, followed by the Lithuanians and Poles. We know that Ivan III claimed the West Russian lands on the basis that this is the inheritance of his ancestors, the Kiev Rurikovichs. At the beginning of the 17th century, taking advantage of the "time of troubles", Poland seemed to have secured the position of the undisputed ruler of all Western Russia. The Ukrainian uprising of 1648 significantly undermined the strength of the Polish state and ended with the unification of a significant part of Ukraine with Moscow. As a result of the partitions of Poland in 1772-1795. The Russian Empire received all of Belarus and the rest of Ukraine, with the exception of Eastern Galicia, which went to Austria. After the Russian revolution of 1917 and a new "time of troubles" in Russia, the revived Pola managed to return half of Belarus and Western Ukraine. After World War II, both Belarus and Ukraine were reunited with Great Russia in the Soviet state. Lithuania within its ethnic borders also became a Soviet republic.

From this brief retrospective of the political destinies of Western Russia, it is clear that its history is closely intertwined with the development of three states: Rus, Poland and Lithuania. On the Western Russian territory itself, two modern East Slavic nations were formed - Belarusians and Ukrainians.

It is quite natural that researchers of all the aforementioned peoples and states considered Western Russia in the Lithuanian period, proceeding from the national historical interest of each of them. From the point of view of a Russian historian, the main object of study of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania is not so much the history of Lithuania, but the position of Russians in the Grand Duchy, their participation in the politics of the state and the influence of the Lithuanian government and Polish establishment on them.

The Russians were legally recognized as one of the two main peoples of the grand duchy, the other, naturally, were the Lithuanians. In the Kreva Declaration of the Union of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania with Poland in 1385, King Jagiello (in Polish - Jagiello) announced his intention to forever “attach” (applicare) to the Polish crown “his Lithuanian and Russian lands” (terras suas Utuaniae et Russiae ).

The Second Lithuanian Statute of 1566 (Section III, Article 9) states that the Grand Duke should appoint to administrative positions only native Lithuanians and Russians (collectively called "Lithuania and Rus"; individually - "Lithuanian and Rusyn"), and does not have the right to trust high posts to foreigners.

Before the unification of Poland with Lithuania, Russian influence in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania grew rapidly. Many Lithuanian princes and nobles abandoned paganism and were converted to the Russian faith (Greek-Orthodoxy). Russian methods of government, as well as Russian legal concepts, were recognized as mandatory for the entire Grand Duchy. Russian crafts and agricultural practices developed within the framework of old traditions. Russian became the language of the Grand Duke's chancellery, as well as of many leading Lithuanian princes and nobles, many of whom had Russian wives. It was also the language of administration and justice throughout the grand duchy.

It should be noted that in the 13th and 14th centuries, the Lithuanian language was used less often than Russian in the sphere of intellectual life, government, administration and lawmaking. Only in 1387 did Christianity (in the form of Roman Catholicism) become the state religion of Lithuania. Before that, in Lithuania, in fact, until the 16th century, there was no written language. It is quite natural that the Lithuanians were forced to use Russian speech and writing (as they later used Latin and Polish).

After the unification of Lithuania and Poland and the conversion of Lithuanians to Roman Catholicism, some Lithuanian noblemen and educated people began to resent the spread of the Russian language in Lithuania. The Lithuanian author of the 16th century, Michalon Litvin, who wrote in Latin, remarked with irritation that “we (Lithuanians) are learning Russian, which does not encourage us to valor, since the Russian dialect is foreign for us, Lithuanians, of Italian descent” ... Michalon Litvin believed that the Lithuanian people were formed in the Roman period and descended from the group of Romans. This legend originated in the 15th century. There are many versions of it. According to one, several ships carrying Julius Caesar's legionaries were carried by the storm from the North Sea to the southern shores of the Baltic Sea; they moored near the mouth of the Neman River, where they settled and became the ancestors of the Lithuanians. According to another version, the Roman settlement at the mouth of the Nemunas was founded by the "Roman prince Polemon", who with his family and retinue fled "from the wrath of the emperor Nero.

On the other hand, the Polish writer Matvey Stryjkovsky, a contemporary of Michalon Litvin, advised Lithuanians not to neglect Russians. He emphasized that the Russians originally lived on the land that is now occupied by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and doubted that the Lithuanians would be able to conduct legal proceedings without the help of the Russians and their language.

Following the unification of Lithuania and Poland (1385), Roman Catholicism was proclaimed the state religion of Lithuania, after which the gradual polonization of the Lithuanian aristocracy began. At first, the Greek Orthodox were denied access to the grand-ducal government and administration, and even when the personal rights of the Greek Orthodox princes were recognized and their political rights were infringed upon, they continued, albeit in a slightly modified form. However, Russian traditions were not easy to eradicate. Although Latin replaced Russian in relations between the Grand Duchy and the West, government papers and official documents such as decrees were drawn up in Russian. Legal proceedings were also conducted in Russian.

When the laws of the grand duchy were brought into the system, the Lithuanian statutes (the first of which was issued in 1529) were written in Russian. Many of their provisions were based on the traditions of Russian law of the Kiev period. It is noteworthy that the first Russian printing house was organized in Vilna in 1525, that is, almost three decades before book printing began in Moscow.

Negotiations between Lithuania and Moscow have always been conducted in Russian. The West Russian language of the 15th and 16th centuries formed the basis of the Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. However, despite certain differences between the West Russian and East Russian (Great Russian) languages, for example, in vocabulary, both sides did not experience difficulties in understanding each other.

An important point is the numerical composition of the Russian population and its proportional relation to the entire population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Unfortunately, the statistics at our disposal are incomplete. Most of them date back to the end of the 16th century and the 17th century and do not provide an adequate picture. But as a basis for determining the approximate composition of the population in the Russian regions of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland in the XIV century and the beginning of the XV century, we have a list of taxation of the regions of Western Russia, the so-called topics (from "darkness") Mongolian taxes. Most of these areas were originally defined in the 13th century, then a small part was added to them in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. They do not cover the western part of Belarus. Another possible angle of view is an analysis of the size of the Lithuanian army and an estimate of its size in proportion to the population of the Grand Duchy.

When discussing the population problem, we must take into account the territorial changes of the early 16th century. Under the agreement of 1503, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ceded to Muscovy the Chernigov-Seversk lands, and under the agreement of 1522 - Smolensk. In subsequent calculations, we will proceed from the composition of the population in the period after 1522.

Let us now analyze the three foundations of the calculation above.

(1) Population based on censuses and cadastres of the late 16th century (they refer to Galicia and the Russian lands that were incorporated into Poland in 1569):

Volyn and Podolia

Kiev and Braslav

According to the Ukrainian historian O. Baranovich, the calculations concerning Volhynia and Podolia are inaccurate, since in 1629 the population of Volhynia alone was about 655,000.

(2) Population size based on the number of Mongolian themes (200,000 people per darkness):

3 darkness 600,000

3 darkness 600,000

3 darkness 600,000

1 darkness 200,000

As for Belarus, in the list of topics we find one darkness in Polotsk (and Vitebsk) - 200,000 people.

(3) Figures that can be obtained on the basis of the Lithuanian army cavalry register of 1528. This register refers to the Lithuanian and most of the Russian lands of the Grand Duchy; it does not include Galicia. Kiev and Braslav are not mentioned in the register. The total composition of the mobilized cavalry of the Grand Duchy was approximately 20,000 horsemen. At that time, one horseman was recruited from ten "services". Thus, it can be calculated that at that time there were about 200,000 services in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Unfortunately, we do not know how many houses on average were included in one service. In fact, service sizes varied across regions. If we assume that in one service there were on average three houses (households) and that one house (household) consisted of an average of six people, then 200,000 services would be equal to 600,000 households (households), which gives a population figure of 3,600,000 To this we should add the population of the Kiev and Braslav regions (not included in the register). Thus, the total population of the Grand Duchy was approximately 4,000,000.

The distribution of figures by regions and districts shows that the Lithuanian lands of the Grand Duchy supplied in 1528 about half of the total number of horsemen. However, on this basis, one cannot conclude that as many people lived in Lithuania itself as in the Russian regions of the Grand Duchy. First, as already noted, the Kiev and Braslav regions were not required to send horsemen to the regular Lithuanian army. Probably, recruits from these regions defended the southern border from the attacks of the Tatars. It is possible that only part of the Russian contingent in Volyn was sent to the regular army, and most of it was also used to defend the southern territories.

Secondly, Lithuania and Samogitia usually recruited more horsemen than the Russian regions of the grand duchy. In the 14th century, Lithuania was the cornerstone of the military organization of the Grand Duchy and continued to be so in the 15th and 16th centuries. The Grand Dukes considered the Lithuanian contingent the most loyal part of their army and mobilized them first.

After all that has been said, we can assume that the proportional ratio of the Russian population of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the total number of people living in it was much higher than it can be calculated on the basis of the army register of 1528. Assuming that the total population was about 4,000 000, we can assume that in the Russian regions (not including Galicia - it was part of Poland) there were about 3,000,000 people, and in Lithuania - about 1,000,000. This indicates a 3: 1 ratio. Between 1450 and 1500 Russians in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in all likelihood, were even more numerous.

As for the political and administrative division of the Russian lands in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the old structure of the Russian principalities was gradually destroyed as a result of the consequences of the Mongol invasion and expansion of Lithuania and Poland in the late 13th and 14th centuries. Although each of the Russian lands initially retained its independence, the princes who belonged to the house of Rurik gradually lost their sovereign rights and were replaced by the descendants of Gediminas - vassals of the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Rurik's descendants - those who did not completely lose their rights - remained local dignitaries in certain regions of the country. It should be noted, however, that many of the new princes of Lithuanian origin (the Gediminovichi) adopted Russian culture and professed the Russian faith. Some of them, such as the Olelkovichi of Kiev, became prominent champions of the Russian national movement.

By the end of the 15th century, the Grand Duke succeeded in eliminating the power of appanage princes in large holdings (ancient Russian "lands" and replacing local rulers with their governors, appointed by him in agreement with the "Pan Rada" (council of nobles). This was one of the aspects of the gradual transformation of the original free federation "Lands" under the suzerainty of the Grand Duke of Lithuania into an aristocratic monarchy based on a rigid division of society into three estates (stany, "strata") of the nobility, townspeople and peasants.

The formation of a class of nobility with equal rights and privileges throughout the country, like Polish law, led to a gradual reorganization of local government. Within the class of the nobility itself, there was a division of interests between the highest aristocratic group and the small landed nobles. The first group consisted of some old princely families, as well as those who did not have the title "pans" (nobles). Some were of Russian origin. Members of this group owned large land holdings, held the most important positions in government and were part of the council of nobles. Those who belonged to the small landed nobility (gentry) gradually united at the local level through local assemblies and eventually secured national representation in the Diet.

At the end of the 14th and throughout the 15th century, many Russian or pro-Russian-minded Lithuanian princes and nobles left Lithuania for Moscow and entered the service of the Grand Duke of Moscow. The motives for leaving were different. Some were outraged by the infringement of the political rights of the Greek Orthodox. Others were dissatisfied with the fact that the government and administration mainly consisted of Lithuanian nobles and with the fact that power in the Lithuanian state was gradually concentrated in the hands of the Grand Duke, for which he preferred the interests of the petty nobility in Russian lands and restrained the power of local princes. Still others threw up Lithuania because of hereditary enmity or for some other personal reasons.

Traditionally, the date of the beginning of Russian statehood is considered to be 862, to which the "Tale of Bygone Years" relates the vocation of the Varangians-Rus (there are various versions about the origin of this people) to Novgorod the Great by tribal unions of the eastern Baltic and the upper Volga region: East Slavic Slovenes and Krivichi and Finno-Ugric Chud , measure and weigh. In 882, the Rurik dynasty captured Kiev and also took possession of the lands of the glades, Drevlyans, northerners, Radimichs, Uliches and Tivertsy, which together made up the main territory of the Old Russian state.

Old Russian state

Also Rus, Russian land... In Western Europe - "Russia" and Rusia (Russia, Ruscia, Rusca, Rutigia). Since the 11th century, the name "prince of the Russians" has been used. And at the beginning of the XII century (in the papal letters) the name "Russia" appears. In Byzantium - Ρως, "Ros", Title "Russia" (Greek Ρωσα) was first used in ser. X century by Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

During the period of maximum expansion of borders, the Old Russian state also included the lands of the Dregovichi, Vyatichi, Volynians, White Croats, Yatvyags, Muroma, Meshchera, possessions at the mouth of the Dnieper (Oleshye), on the lower Don (Sarkel) and on the banks of the Kerch Strait (Tmutarakan principality) ... Gradually, the tribal nobility was supplanted by the Rurikovichs, who already at the beginning of the 11th century reigned throughout the territory of Russia. Tribal names during the XI-XII centuries gradually ceased to be mentioned (with the exception of tribal names in the territories of the eastern Baltic and the Middle Volga basin dependent on the Russian princes). At the same time, starting from the end of the 10th century, each generation of Rurikovichs made divisions of Rus among themselves, but the consequences of the first two divisions (972 and 1015) were gradually overcome by a fierce struggle for power, as well as the suppression of individual lines of the Rurikovichs (1036). Section 1054, after which the so-called. The "triumvirate of Yaroslavichs", despite the long-term concentration of power in the hands of the younger Yaroslavich Vsevolod (1078-1093), was never completely overcome. After the struggle for power after his death, complicated by the intervention of the Polovtsy, in 1097 at the Lyubech congress of princes the principle “everyone keeps his fatherland” was established.

After the allied actions of the princes, the struggle with the Polovtsy was transferred from the southern Russian borders deep into the steppes, the new Kiev prince Vladimir Monomakh and his eldest son Mstislav, after a series of internal wars, managed to achieve recognition by part of the Russian princes of their power, others were deprived of their possessions. At the same time, the Rurikovichs began to enter into intradynastic marriages.

Russian principalities

In the 1130s, the principalities began to gradually emerge from the power of the Kiev princes, although the prince who owned Kiev was still considered the eldest in Russia. With the beginning of the fragmentation of the Russian lands, the names "Rus", "Russian land" in most cases are applied to the Kiev principality.

During the collapse of the Old Russian state, the Volyn principality, the Galician principality, the principality of Kiev proper, the Muromo-Ryazan principality, the Novgorod land, the Pereyaslavl principality, the Polotsk principality, the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the Turov-Pinsk principality, and the Chernigov principality were formed. In each of them, the process of formation of appanages began.

On March 12, 1169, the troops of ten Russian princes, acting on the initiative of Andrei Bogolyubsky, for the first time in the practice of inter-princely strife plundered Kiev, after which Andrei gave Kiev to his younger brother, without leaving Vladimir, thereby, in the words of V.O. Klyuchevsky, “tore off the seniority from places ". Andrei himself, and later his younger brother Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212), sought (temporarily) recognition of their seniority by the majority of Russian princes.

By the beginning of the 13th century, there were also unifying tendencies. The Pereyaslavl principality passed into the possession of the Vladimir princes, a united Galicia-Volyn principality arose under the rule of the senior branch of the descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. In 1201, Roman Mstislavich Galitsky, being invited by the Kiev boyars to reign, also gave the city to his younger cousin. In the annals under 1205, Roman is called "the autocrat of all Russia." By the XIII century, apart from those of Kiev, Ryazan, Vladimir, Galician and Chernigov also began to be titled as grand princes.

After the Mongol invasion, the institution of "communion in the Russian land" disappeared, when the Kiev lands were considered as the common property of the Rurikovich family, and the name "Rus" was assigned to all the East Slavic lands.

The strengthening of the positions of the Vladimir Grand Dukes after the Mongol invasion was facilitated by the fact that they did not participate in the large-scale South Russian civil strife in front of him, that the principality until the turn of the XIV-XV centuries did not have common borders with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which was expanding into Russian lands, and also that, that the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, and then his son Alexander Nevsky, were recognized in the Golden Horde as the oldest in Russia. In fact, all the grand dukes were directly subordinate to the khans, first of the Mongol Empire, and since 1266 - of the Golden Horde, independently collecting tribute in their possessions and forwarding it to the khan. From the middle of the XIII century, the title of the Grand Dukes of Chernigov was almost constantly owned by the Bryansk princes. Mikhail Yaroslavich of Tverskoy (1305-1318) was the first of the great princes of Vladimir to be called "the prince of all Russia."

Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title of "kings of Russia". In the 1320s, the Galicia-Volyn principality entered a period of decline (which some researchers associate with the new onslaught of the Golden Horde) and ceased to exist in 1392, its lands were divided between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (full name - Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Russian, Zhemoytskoe and others) and the Kingdom of Poland. A little earlier, the main part of the southern Russian lands was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Bryansk 1356, Kiev 1362).

In the XIV century, in the northeast of Russia, the great principalities of Tver and Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod were also formed, the Smolensk princes also began to be titled great. Since 1363, the label for the great reign of Vladimir, meaning seniority within North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod, was issued only to Moscow princes, who from that time began to be titled great. In 1383, Khan Tokhtamysh recognized the Grand Duchy of Vladimir as the hereditary possession of the Moscow princes, at the same time sanctioning the independence of the Tver Grand Duchy. The Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod Grand Duchy was annexed to Moscow in 1392. In 1405, Lithuania captured Smolensk. Finally, all Russian lands were divided between the great principalities of Moscow and Lithuania by the end of the 15th century.

Russian state

Since the 15th century, the terms "Russia", "Russian" appear in Russian sources and spread more and more until they are finally approved in the Russian language. The period from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 18th century is referred to in modern Russian historiography as the "Russian state".

Grand Duchy of Moscow

In 1478 the Novgorod land was annexed to Moscow, in 1480 the Mongol-Tatar yoke was thrown off. In 1487, after a successful campaign against the Kazan Khanate, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III proclaimed himself "Prince of Bulgaria", which was one of the reasons for the beginning of the transition of appanage princes from the eastern outskirts of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to Moscow service along with the lands. As a result of five Russian-Lithuanian wars, Lithuania lost the upper principalities, Smolensk and Bryansk. Other major territorial acquisitions were the Tver (1485) and Ryazan Grand Duchies (1521). In addition to independence from the Golden Horde and territorial integrity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow in the last period of its existence in the status of a grand duchy was also distinguished by a general set of laws (Code of Laws of 1497), the elimination of appanages and the introduction of a local system.

Russian kingdom

Since January 16, 1547, after the acceptance of the title of tsar by the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich. Also Russia, Russia, Russia, Russian kingdom, Russian kingdom, Moscow kingdom. In the middle of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates were annexed, which additionally substantiated the royal title of the Moscow monarch.

In 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania accepted the Union of Lublin with Poland, which united the two states into a confederation, while transferring the southern Russian lands to Poland and in general returned to the borders of the middle of the 13th century.

In 1613, the title of the metropolitan was "Rusia", and the title of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich - "Russia". "Muscovy" - the name of the Russian state in foreign sources of the XVI-XVII centuries. The term "Russia" was finally established by Peter the Great (1689-1725). On the coins of Peter I, before accepting the title of emperor, it was written “Tsar Peter Alekseevich, Sovereign of All Russia” and “Moscow ruble” on the back. ("The Lord of All Russia" was abbreviated in "VRP", but sometimes it was written in full). On May 19, 1712, the capital was moved to St. Petersburg.

the Russian Empire

After Tsar Peter Alekseevich accepted the title of Emperor.

18 (31) August 1914 in connection with the war with Germany, the name of the capital was changed from German to Russian - Petrograd.

Russian Republic

After a special legal meeting. In fact - after the abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich, brother of Nicholas II from March 3, 1917

Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic - this name was first mentioned on January 21 (February 3) 1918 in the Decree on the Cancellation of State Loans, the decree was signed by the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Y. Sverdlov. This name of the state was introduced after the transformation of the Russian Republic into a "federation of Soviet national republics" at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets on January 10-18 (23-31), 1918 in the Tauride Palace in Petrograd.

Until the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the name Russian Republic was used.

Federation Declaration:

• January 3 (16), 1918 - the text of the Declaration was written.
• January 5 (18), 1918 - announced by Sverdlov at the All-Russian Constituent Assembly (dissolved on January 6 (19)).
• January 12 (25), 1918 - the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies in the adopted Declaration.
• January 18 (31), 1918 - at the joint III Congress of Soviets (after the unification of the III Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies with the III Congress of Soviets of Peasant Deputies) in a re-adopted Declaration.
• January 28 (15), 1918 - in the Resolution of the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets "On the federal institutions of the Russian Republic".
• On March 6 - 8, 1918, at the VII Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was once again made to transform the country into a federation.
• July 10, 1918 - in the Constitution at a meeting of the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

Variability of the name of the Republic In the period between the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the adoption of the first Constitution (at the V Congress), in which the name of the state was finally fixed, the documents contained variants of the still unsettled name of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic:

The words changed places:

• Russian Federative Socialist Soviet Republic,
• Russian Socialist Soviet Federative Republic,
• Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with different word order (4 words):

• Russian Federative Soviet Republic,
• Russian Soviet Federal Republic,
• Russian Socialist Federal Republic,
• Russian Socialist Soviet Republic,
• Russian Soviet Socialist Republic;

Incomplete name with different word order (3 words):

• Russian Soviet Republic,
• Soviet Russian Republic
• Russian Federative Republic
• Russian Federation of Soviets

Other names:

• Russian Republic,
• Soviet Republic,
• Republic of Soviets.

Note: the new power did not immediately spread to the territory of the former Russian Empire (republic).

Note:Already, being a part of the USSR, on December 5, 1936, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic was renamed into the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, i.e. two words have been rearranged.

In everyday life and semi-officially, an abbreviated form was often applied to the RSFSR - Russian Federation, but this name was not officially enshrined in the constitution until 1992 (it should be noted that since 1990 this name was supposed to be approved by the official name of the country)

Formed by the unification of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the TSFSR.

December 5, 1936 (according to the new constitution) in the name of the RSFSR, the order of the words "socialist" and "Soviet" was brought in line with the order of these words in the name of the USSR.

Russian Federation

Russian Federation - On December 25, 1991, by law No. 2094-I, the state of the RSFSR was renamed into the Russian Federation (the modern name is enshrined in the constitution along with the name Russia). On April 21, 1992, the corresponding amendments were made to the then acting Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR of 1978.

Also, before the adoption of the new constitution in 1993, the new coat of arms was in development. De facto, on the territory of the Russian Federation in the first half of the 1990s, letterheads and seals of institutions with the old coat of arms and the name of the state of the RSFSR were still used, although they were supposed to be replaced during 1992.

Use of the name "Russian Federation" before the collapse of the USSR

• 1918 - in paragraph e) of Article 49 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 (as a variant of the name).
• 1966 - in the title of the book "Chistyakov OI, Formation of the Russian Federation (1917-1922), M., 1966".
• 1978 - in the preamble to the Constitution of the RSFSR 1978.

In modern Russia, some documents are still in force, in which the old name "RSFSR" remains:

• Law of the RSFSR of 12/15/1978 (as amended on June 25, 2002) "On the protection and use of monuments of history and culture"
• Law of the RSFSR of 07/08/1981 (as amended on 05/07/2009) "On the judicial system of the RSFSR"
• Declaration of SND of the RSFSR of 12.06.1990 N 22-1 "On the state sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
• Law of the RSFSR of 24.10.1990 N 263-1 "On the operation of acts of the bodies of the USSR on the territory of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR of 31.10.1990 N 293-1 "On ensuring the economic basis of the sovereignty of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR from 22.03.1991 N 948-1 (as amended on 26.07.2006) "On competition and restriction of monopolistic activities in the commodity markets"
• Law of the RSFSR of 26.04.1991 N 1107-1 (as amended on 01.07.1993) "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 26.06.1991 N 1488-1 (as amended on 30.12.2008) "On investment activities in the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 26.06.1991 N 1490-1 (as amended on 02.02.2006) "On the priority provision of the agro-industrial complex with material and technical resources"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 15.11.1991 N 211 (as amended on 26.06.1992) "On increasing the wages of employees of budgetary organizations and institutions"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 21, 1991 N 228 "On the organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 25, 1991 N 232 (as amended on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of trade enterprises in the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 28, 1991 N 240 (revised on October 21, 2002) "On the commercialization of the activities of consumer services enterprises in the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 255 "On priority measures for organizing the work of the industry of the RSFSR"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 256 "On measures to stabilize the work of the industrial complex of the RSFSR in the context of economic reform"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 03.12.1991 N 297 (as amended on 28.02.1995) "On measures to liberalize prices"
• Decree of the President of the RSFSR of 12.12.1991 N 269 (as amended on 21.10.2002) "On a single economic space of the RSFSR"
• Law of the RSFSR dated 25.12.1991 N 2094-1 "On changing the name of the state Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"
• Resolution of the Government of the RSFSR of 12.24.1991 N 62 (as amended on 13.11.2010) "On the approval of the lists of federal roads in the RSFSR"