Cosmic phenomena and processes. The most unusual cosmic phenomena

03.12.2020

Humanity has made the first active steps towards the knowledge of space quite recently. Only 60 years have passed since the launch of the first spacecraft with the first satellite on board. But during this small historical fragment of time, it was possible to learn about many cosmic phenomena and conduct a large number of various studies.

Oddly enough, with a deeper knowledge of the cosmos, more and more mysteries and phenomena that do not have answers at this stage are revealed to humanity. It is worth noting that even the closest cosmic body, namely the Moon, is still far from being studied. Due to the imperfection of technology and spacecraft, we do not have answers to a huge number of questions that relate to outer space. Nevertheless, our portal site will be able to answer many questions of interest to you and tell a lot of interesting facts about space phenomena.

The most unusual space phenomena from the site portal

An interesting enough space phenomenon is galactic cannibalism. Despite the fact that galaxies are inanimate beings, nevertheless from the term we can conclude that it is based on the absorption of one galaxy by another. Indeed, the process of absorption of their own kind is characteristic not only of living organisms, but also of galaxies. So, at present, very close to our galaxy, a similar absorption of smaller galaxies by Andromeda is taking place. There are about ten such absorptions in this galaxy. Such interactions are quite common among galaxies. Also quite often, in addition to the cannibalism of the planets, their collision can occur. In the study of cosmic phenomena, they were able to conclude that almost all the studied galaxies have ever had contact with other galaxies.

Quasars can be called another interesting space phenomenon. This concept means a kind of space beacons that can be detected using modern equipment. They are scattered in all distant parts of our Universe and testify to the origin of the entire cosmos and its objects. A feature of these phenomena can be called the fact that they emit a huge amount of energy, in terms of its power it is more than the energy emitted by hundreds of galaxies. Even at the beginning of the active study of outer space, namely in the early 60s, many objects were recorded that were considered quasars.

Their main characteristic is powerful radio emission and rather small dimensions. With the development of technology, it became known that only 10% of all objects that were considered quasars were really these phenomena. The remaining 90% practically did not emit radio waves. All objects related to quasars have very powerful radio emission, which can be detected by special devices of earthlings. Nevertheless, very little is known about this phenomenon, and they remain a mystery to scientists, a lot of theories have been put forward on this subject, but scientific facts about their origin do not exist. Most tend to believe that these are nascent galaxies, in the middle of which there is a huge black hole.

A very famous and at the same time unexplored phenomenon of space is dark matter. Many theories say about its existence, but not a single scientist managed not only to see it, but also to fix it with the help of instruments. Nevertheless, it is generally accepted that certain accumulations of this matter exist in space. In order to conduct research on such a phenomenon, mankind does not yet possess the necessary equipment. Dark matter, according to scientists, is formed from neutrinos or invisible black holes. There are opinions that no dark matter exists at all. The origin of the hypothesis about the presence of dark matter in the Universe was put forward due to the inconsistencies of gravitational fields, it was also studied that the density of outer spaces is inhomogeneous.

Outer space is also characterized by gravitational waves, these phenomena are also very little studied. This phenomenon is considered to be a distortion of the time continuum in space. This phenomenon was predicted a long time ago by Einstein, where he spoke about it in his famous theory of relativity. The movement of such waves occurs at the speed of light, and it is extremely difficult to catch their presence. At this stage of development, we can observe them only during sufficiently global changes in space, for example, during the merging of black holes. And even observation of such processes is possible only with the use of powerful gravitational-wave observatories. It should be noted that these waves can be recorded when two powerful interacting objects are emitted. The best quality gravitational waves can be recorded when two galaxies come into contact.

More recently, it became known about the energy of the vacuum. This confirms the theory that interplanetary space is not empty, but occupied by subatomic particles, which are constantly undergoing destruction and new formations. The existence of the energy of the vacuum is confirmed by the presence of anti-gravitational energy of the cosmos. All this sets in motion space bodies and objects. This raises another mystery about the meaning and purpose of the movement. Scientists even came to the conclusion that the energy of the vacuum is very large, just mankind has not yet learned to use it, we are used to getting energy from substances.

All these processes and phenomena are open for study at the present time, our portal site will help you get acquainted with them in more detail and will be able to give many answers to your questions. We possess detailed information about all studied and little-studied phenomena. We also have cutting edge information on all space exploration that is currently taking place.

An interesting and rather unexplored cosmic phenomenon can be called micro black holes, which were discovered quite recently. The theory of the existence of very small black holes in the early 70s of the last century almost completely turned around the widely accepted theory of the big bang. It is believed that microholes are located throughout the Universe and have a special connection with the fifth dimension, in addition, they have their own effect on time space. To study the phenomena associated with small black holes, the Hadron Collider should have helped, but experimentally such studies are extremely difficult even with the use of this device. Nevertheless, scientists do not abandon the study of these phenomena and their detailed study is planned in the near future.

In addition to small black holes, such phenomena are known that reach gigantic proportions. They are distinguished by their high density and strong gravitational field. The gravitational field of black holes is so powerful that even light cannot escape from this attraction. They are very common in outer space. There are black holes in almost every galaxy, and their sizes can exceed tens of billions of times the size of our star.

People who are interested in space and its phenomena must be familiar with the concept of neutrino. These particles are mysterious primarily due to the fact that they do not have their own weight. They are actively used to overcome dense metals such as lead, since they practically do not interact with the substance itself. They surround everything in space and on our planet, they easily pass through all substances. Even through the human body 10 ^ 14 neutrinos pass every second. Most of these particles are released by radiation from the Sun. All stars are generators of these particles, and they are also actively ejected into outer space during star explosions. To detect neutrino emissions, scientists placed large neutrino detectors on the seabed.

Many mysteries are associated with the planets, namely with the strange phenomena that are associated with them. There are exoplanets that are far from our star. An interesting fact we can call what even before the 90s of the last century mankind believed that planets outside our solar system could not exist, but this is completely wrong. Even at the beginning of this year, there are about 452 exoplanets located in various planetary systems. Moreover, all known planets have a wide variety of sizes.

They can be both dwarf and huge gas giants that are about the size of a star. Scientists are persistently looking for a planet that would resemble our Earth. These searches have not yet been crowned with success, since it is difficult to find a planet that would have such a size and an atmosphere similar in composition. In this case, for the possible origin of life, optimal temperature conditions are also necessary, which is also very difficult.

Analyzing all the phenomena of the studied planets, in the early 2000s, it was possible to find a similar planet of ours, but still it has a much larger size, and it makes a revolution around its star in almost ten days. In 2007, another similar exoplanet was discovered, but it is also large, and a year passes on it in 20 days.

Research into space phenomena and exoplanets, in particular, made it possible for astronauts to realize the existence of a huge number of other planetary systems. Each open system gives scientists a new body of work to study, since each system is different from the other. Unfortunately, the still imperfect research methods cannot reveal to us all the data about outer space and its phenomena.

For almost 50 years, astrophysicists have been studying weak radiation, discovered in the 60s. This phenomenon is called the microwave background of space. Also, this radiation is often referred to in the literature as relic radiation, which remained after the big bang. As you know, this explosion initiated the formation of all celestial bodies and objects. Most theorists, when defending the big bang theory, use this background as proof of their case. The Americans even managed to measure the temperature of this background, which is 270 degrees. Scientists after this discovery were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Speaking of cosmic phenomena, it is simply impossible not to mention antimatter. This matter is, as it were, in constant resistance to the ordinary world. As you know, negative particles have their positively charged twin. Likewise, antimatter has a positron as a counterweight. Due to all this, when the antipodes collide, energy is released. Often in science fiction there are fantastic ideas in which spaceships have propulsion systems that work by colliding antiparticles. Physicists managed to achieve interesting calculations, according to which the interaction of one kilogram of antimatter with a kilogram of ordinary particles will release such an amount of energy that is comparable to the energy of the explosion of a very powerful nuclear bomb. It is generally accepted that ordinary matter and antimatter have a similar structure.

Because of this, the question arises about such a phenomenon, why do most space objects consist of matter? The logical answer would be that somewhere in the universe there are the same clusters of antimatter. Scientists, answering a similar question, start from the theory of the big bang, in which in the first seconds a similar asymmetry arose in the distribution of substances and matter. Scientists in the laboratory managed to obtain a small amount of antimatter, which is sufficient for further research. It should be noted that the resulting substance is the most expensive on our planet, since one gram of it costs 62 trillion dollars.

All the above space phenomena are the smallest part of everything interesting about space phenomena, which you can find on the site. We also have a lot of photos, videos and other useful information about outer space.

They come in all shapes and sizes, but more recently, astronomers have discovered a completely new type of these cosmic objects: fluffy and smoky, like clouds, super-scattered galaxies contain incredibly low numbers of stars. For example, a recently discovered super-scattered galaxy 60,000 light-years across (roughly the size of our Milky Way) contains only 1 percent of stars.

To date, thanks to the joint work of the Keck Telescope and the Dragonfly Telephoto Array, astronomers have discovered 47 super-scattered galaxies. They have such a low percentage of stars contained in them that the night sky here would seem completely empty.

These space objects are so unusual that astronomers are still not sure how they could have formed at all. Most likely, super-scattered galaxies are so-called failed galaxies, which at the time of their formation ran out of galactic material (gas and dust). Perhaps these galaxies were once part of larger galaxies. But most of all, scientists are struck by the fact that super-scattered galaxies were discovered in the Coma cluster - a region of space filled with dark matter and galaxies with colossal rotation speeds. Given these circumstances, it can be assumed that super-scattered galaxies were once literally torn to shreds by the gravitational madness that is happening in this corner of space.

Asteroid "suicide"

The Hubble Space Telescope recently witnessed a very rare cosmic phenomenon - the spontaneous destruction of an asteroid. Usually, cosmic collisions or too close approach to larger cosmic bodies lead to such a combination of circumstances. However, the destruction of asteroid P / 2013 R3 under the influence of sunlight turned out to be a somewhat unexpected phenomenon for astronomers. The increasing influence of the solar wind caused the rotation of R3. At some point, this rotation reached a critical point and broke the asteroid into 10 large pieces weighing about 200,000 tons. Unhurriedly moving away from each other at a speed of 1.5 kilometers per second, pieces of the asteroid ejected an incredible amount of small particles.

The birth of a star

While observing the object W75N (B) -VLA2, astronomers witnessed the formation of a new celestial body. Located just 4,200 light-years away, VLA2 was first detected in 1996 by the VLA radio telescope (a very large antenna system radio telescope) located at the San Augustin Observatory in New Mexico. During their first observation, scientists noticed a dense cloud of gas emitted by a tiny young star.

In 2014, during the next observation of the object W75N (B) -VLA2, scientists noted clear changes. For such a short period from an astronomical point of view, the celestial body has changed, however, these metamorphoses did not contradict the previously created scientifically predicted models. Over the past 18 years, the spherical shape of the gas surrounding the star has taken on a more elongated shape under the influence of accumulated dust and space debris, in fact creating a kind of cradle.

Unusual planet with incredible temperature changes

Space object 55 Cancri E has received the nickname "diamond planet" because it is almost entirely composed of crystalline diamond. However, scientists recently discovered another unusual feature of this cosmic body. The temperature difference on a planet can spontaneously change by 300 percent, which is simply unimaginable for a planet of this type.

55 Cancri E is perhaps the most unusual planet within its system of five other planets. It is incredibly dense, and its full orbital period takes 18 hours. Under the influence of the strongest tidal forces of the native star, the planet faces it with only one side of it. Since the temperature on it can vary from 1000 thousand degrees to 2700 degrees Celsius, scientists suggest that the planet may be covered with volcanoes. On the one hand, this could explain such unusual temperature changes, on the other hand, it could disprove the hypothesis that the planet is a giant diamond, because in this case the level of carbon contained will not correspond to the required one.

The volcanic hypothesis is supported by evidence found in our own solar system. Jupiter's moon Io is very similar to the described planet, and the tidal forces directed at this moon turned it into one solid giant volcano.

The strangest exoplanet - Kepler 7b

Gas giant Kepler 7b is a revelation for scientists. At first, astronomers were struck by the incredible "obesity" of the planet. It is about 1.5 times the size of Jupiter, but at the same time it has a much lower mass, which could mean that its density is comparable to that of foam.

This planet could easily be on the surface of the ocean, if, of course, it would be possible to find an ocean the size that could fit it. In addition, Kepler 7b is the first exoplanet for which a cloud map has been created. Scientists have found that the temperature on its surface can reach 800-1000 degrees Celsius. Hot, but not as hot as expected. The fact is that Kepler 7b is located closer to its star than Mercury is located to the Sun. After three years of observing the planet, scientists have figured out the reasons for these inconsistencies: clouds in the upper atmosphere reflect excess heat from the star. Even more interesting was the fact that one side of the planet is always covered with clouds, while the other is always clear.

Triple eclipse on Jupiter

A common eclipse is not that rare. And yet, a solar eclipse is an amazing coincidence: the diameter of the solar disk is 400 times the size of the moon, and at this moment the sun is 400 times farther from it. It so happens that the Earth is an ideal place to observe these cosmic events.

Solar and lunar eclipses Are really beautiful phenomena. But in terms of entertainment, the triple eclipse on Jupiter outperforms them. In January 2015, the Hubble telescope captured three Galilean satellites - Io, Europa and Callisto - in a line in front of their "gas daddy" Jupiter through the lens of its camera.

Anyone on Jupiter at the time could have witnessed a psychedelic triple solar eclipse. The next such phenomenon will not occur until 2032.

Giant Star Cradle

Stars are often found in groups. Large groups are called globular star clusters, and can contain up to one million stars. Such clusters are scattered throughout the universe, and at least 150 of them are located within the Milky Way. All of them are so ancient that scientists cannot even imagine the principle of their formation. However, quite recently, astronomers have discovered a very rare space object - a very young globular cluster filled with gas, but at the same time without stars inside it.

Deep in the Antennae group of galaxies, 50 million light-years away, there is a gas cloud whose mass is equivalent to 50 million Suns. This place will soon become a "nursery" for many young stars. Astronomers have discovered such an object for the first time, and therefore they compare it to "a dinosaur egg that is about to hatch." From a technical point of view, this "egg" could "hatch" a long time ago, since, presumably, such regions of space remain starless for only about one million years.

The importance of the discovery of such objects is colossal. Since they can explain some of the most ancient and yet unexplained processes in the Universe. It is quite possible that it is precisely such regions of space that become a kind of cradles of incredibly beautiful globular clusters, which we can now observe.

The rare phenomenon that helped solve the cosmic dust puzzle

NASA's Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is installed right on board the upgraded Boeing 747SP aircraft and is designed to study various astronomical events. At 13 kilometers above the earth's surface, there is less atmospheric water vapor that would interfere with an infrared telescope.

Recently, the SOFIA telescope helped astronomers solve one of the space mysteries. Surely many of you, who have watched various programs about space, know that all of us, like everything in the Universe, consists of stardust, or rather, of those elements that it also consists of. However, scientists could not understand for a long time how this stardust does not evaporate under the influence of supernovae that carry it across the entire universe.

Examining the 10,000-year-old supernova Sagittarius A East with its infrared eye, the SOFIA telescope found that the gathering dense regions of gas around the star act as pillows, repelling cosmic dust particles, shielding them from the heat and shock generated by the explosion.

Even if 7-20 percent of cosmic dust was able to survive the meeting with Sagittarius A East, then it will be enough to form about 7000 space objects the size of the Earth.

Collision of the Perseid meteor with the Moon

Every year from mid-July to about the end of August, the Perseid meteor shower can be observed in the night sky, but it is best to start observing this cosmic phenomenon with observing the Moon. On August 9, 2008, amateur astronomers did so, witnessing an unforgettable event - the impact of meteorites falling on our natural satellite... Due to the lack of atmosphere in the latter, the fall of meteorites on the moon occurs quite regularly. However, the fall of the Perseids meteors, which, in turn, are fragments of the slowly dying comet Swift-Tuttle, was marked by especially bright flares on the lunar surface, which could be seen by anyone who has even the most basic telescope.

Since 2005, NASA has witnessed about 100 such meteorite falls on the moon. Such observations may one day help develop methods for predicting future meteorite strikes, as well as defenses for future astronauts and lunar colonists.

Dwarf galaxies containing more stars than huge galaxies

Dwarf galaxies are amazing space objects that prove that size doesn't always matter. Astronomers have already done research to figure out the rate at which stars form in medium to large galaxies, but there has been a gap in tiny galaxies until recently.

After the Hubble Space Telescope provided infrared data on the dwarf galaxies it observed, astronomers were surprised. It turned out that star formation in tiny galaxies is much faster than star formation in larger galaxies. The surprise is that larger galaxies contain more gas, which is required for the appearance of stars. Nevertheless, tiny galaxies form as many stars in 150 million years as in standard and larger galaxies in about 1.3 billion years of hard and intense local gravitational forces. And interestingly enough, scientists don't yet know why dwarf galaxies are so prolific.

A.G. Zhabin, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences

In crystals of minerals, rocks, layered strata of sediments, signs that characterize not only the evolution of the Earth itself, but also its interaction with space are recorded and persist for billions of years.

Terrestrial and cosmic phenomena.

In geological objects, the language of physical and chemical properties contains a kind of genetic information about the impact of cosmic processes on the Earth. Speaking about the method of extracting this information, the famous Swedish astrophysicist H. Alven states the following:

"Since no one can know what happened 45 billion years ago, we have to start with the current state Solar system and to restore step by step more and more earlier stages of its development. This principle, which highlights unobservable phenomena, underlies the modern approach to the study of the geological evolution of the Earth; his motto: "the present is the key to the past."

Indeed, now it is already possible to qualitatively diagnose many types of external cosmic influence on the Earth. Its collision with giant meteorites is evidenced by astroblems on the earth's surface (Earth and Universe, 1975, 6, pp. 13-17.-Ed.), The appearance of denser types of minerals, displacement and melting of various rocks. Cosmic dust and penetrating cosmic particles can also be diagnosed. It is interesting to investigate the connection between the tectonic activity of the planet and various chronorhythms (temporal rhythms) caused by cosmic processes, such as solar activity, supernova explosions, the movement of the Sun and the Solar system in the Galaxy.

Let us discuss the question of whether it is possible to reveal cosmogenic chronorhythms in the properties of terrestrial minerals. The rhythmic and large-scale character of solar activity and other cosmophysical factors, covering the entire planet, can serve as the basis for general planetary "benchmarks" of time. Therefore, the search and diagnostics of material traces of such chrono-rhythms can be considered as a new promising direction. It uses isotopic (radiological), biostratigraphic (based on fossil remains of animals and plants), and cosmogen-rhythmic methods, which will complement each other in their development. Research in this direction has already begun: astroblemes have been described, layers containing cosmic dust have been discovered in salt strata, and the frequency of crystallization of substances in caves has been established. But if in biology and biophysics recently new special sections of cosmorhythmology, heliobiology, biorhythmology, dendrochronology have appeared, mineralogy still lags behind such studies.

Periodic rhythms.

Special attention is now being paid to the search for possible forms of fixation in minerals of the 11-year cycle of solar activity. This chronorhythm is recorded not only on modern, but also on paleoobjects in clayey-sandy sediments of the Phanerozoic, in CoIIenia algae from the Ordovician (500 million years ago), on sections of fossil Permian (285 million years ago) fossilized trees. We are just beginning to search for a reflection of such cosmogenic rhythm on minerals that have grown on our planet in the hypergenesis zone, that is, in the uppermost part of the earth's crust. But there is no doubt that the climatic periodicity of a cosmogenic nature will manifest itself through different rates of circulation of surface and ground waters (alternation of droughts and flooding), different heating of the upper film of the earth's crust, through a change in the rate of destruction of mountains, sedimentation (Earth and Universe, 1980, 1, p. 2-6. - Ed.). And all these factors affect the earth's crust.

The most promising places for searching for signs of such cosmogenic chronorhythms are weathering crust, karst caves, oxidation zones of sulfide deposits, salt and flysch type sediments (the latter are a layered alternation of rocks of different composition, caused by vibrational movements of the earth's crust), the so-called ribbon clays associated with periodic melting of glaciers.

Here are a few examples of the periodicity recorded during the growth of mineral crystals. Calcite stalactites (CaCO3) from the Sauerland caves (Germany) are well studied. It was found that the average thickness of the layer growing on them every year is very small, only 0.0144 mm. (the growth rate is about 1 mm. in 70 years), and the total age of the stalactite is about 12,000 years. But against the background of zones, or shells, thicker zones were found on the stalactites with annual periodicity, which grew in 10-11-year intervals. Another example is the crystals of celestine (SgSO4) up to 10 cm in size, grown in cavities among the Silurian dolomites of Ohio (USA). A very fine well-sustained zoning was found in them. The thickness of one pair of zones (light and dark) ranges from 3 to 70 microns, but in some places, where there are many thousands of such pairs, the power is more stable 7.5 - 10.6 microns. The microprobe was able to determine that the light and dark zones differ in the value of the Sr / Ba ratio and the curve has a pulsating character (sedimentary dolomites became completely petrified by the time of their leaching and the formation of voids). After considering the possible reasons for the occurrence of such zoning, preference was given to the annual frequency of crystallization conditions. Apparently, warm and hot chloride waters containing Sr and Ba (the water temperature ranges from 68 to 114C) and moving upward in the Earth's interior, periodically, once a year, were diluted by surface waters. As a result, fine zoning of celestine crystals could appear.

A study of thin-layered sphalerite crusts from Tennessee (USA) found within the Pine Point ore deposit also showed the frequency of shell growth, or zones, on these crusts. Their thickness is about 5 - 10 microns, and the thicker ones alternate through 9 - 11 thin zones. The annual frequency in this case is explained by the fact that groundwater penetrating into the ore deposit changes the volume and composition of the solutions.

A thin annual zoning is also found in agate growing in the near-surface layer of the earth's crust. In the descriptions of agates, made in the last century, sometimes up to 17,000 thin layers in one inch are noted. Thus, a single zone (light and dark stripe) has a power of only 1.5 μm. It is interesting to compare such a slow crystallization of agate minerals with the growth of nodules in the ocean. This speed is 0.03 - 0.003 mm. per thousand years, or 30 - 3 microns. in year. Apparently, the above examples reveal a complex chain of interrelated phenomena that determine the influence of the 11-year cycle of solar activity on the growth of mineral crystals in the surface layer of the earth's crust. Probably, the change in meteorological conditions under the influence of solar corpuscular radiation is manifested, in particular, in fluctuations in the water content of the upper parts of the earth's crust.

Supernova explosions.

In addition to annual and 11-year chrono-rhythms, there are single cosmogenic "benchmarks" of time. Here we mean supernova explosions. The Leningrad botanist N.V. Lovellius studied the structure of annual rings of an 800-year-old juniper tree growing at an altitude of 3000 m on one of the slopes of the Zeravshan Range. He found periods when the growth of tree rings slowed down. These periods fall almost exactly in 1572 and 1604, when supernovae exploded in the sky: Tycho Brahe supernova and Kepler supernova. We do not yet know the geochemical and mineralogical consequences of intense cosmic ray fluxes in connection with five supernova explosions that have occurred in our Galaxy over the last millennium (1006, 1054, 1572, 1604, 1667), and we are not yet able to diagnose such signs. It is important here not so much to see the traces of primary cosmic rays in terrestrial minerals (something is already known here), but to find a method for determining the time intervals when in the past cosmic rays have especially intensely affected our planet. Such time intervals, synchronized throughout the Earth, can be compared to ubiquitous layers of known age, marking stratigraphic horizons. According to astrophysicists, during the existence of the Earth, about ten times the stars closest to the Sun flashed like supernovae. Thus, nature puts at our disposal at least ten consecutive chrono-rappers that are the same for the entire planet. Mineralogists have to find traces of such cosmogenic time benchmarks in the properties of mineral crystals and the rocks they compose. An example is the lunar regolith. It reflects the history of the impact on the moon of the solar wind, galactic cosmic rays, micrometeorites. Moreover, large cosmogenic chronorhythms here should manifest themselves in a more contrasting way, because the Moon does not have an atmosphere, and, therefore, cosmic influences on it are not so strongly distorted. The study of the regolith showed that the intensity of proton irradiation on the Moon from 1953 to 1963 was four times higher than the average intensity for several previous millions of years.

The idea of \u200b\u200ba causal relationship between the periodicity of geological processes on Earth and the periodicity of interaction between the Earth and the Cosmos is increasingly penetrating the consciousness of geologists and planetologists. Now it became clear that the periodization of geological history, geochronology is associated with solar activity by the unity of the temporal structure. But new data have been recently received. It turned out that planetary tectonic-magmatic (mineralogical) epochs correlate with the duration of the galactic year. For example, for the post-Archean time it was possible to establish nine maxima of the deposition of mineral matter. They took place approximately 115, 355, 530, 750, 980, 1150, 1365, 1550 and 1780 million years ago. The intervals between these maxima are 170 - 240 million years (on average 200 million years), that is, equal to the duration of the galactic year.

Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences GL Pospelov, analyzing the place of geology in natural science, noted that the study of multistage geological complexes will lead this science to the discovery of phenomena such as "quantization" of various processes in the macrocosm. Mineralogists together with geologists-stratigraphers, astrogeologists, astrophysicists collect facts that in the future will make it possible to draw up a time scale common for all planets of the solar system.

Schematic section of a layered section of the earth's crust. Visible (left) and "blind" (right) hydrothermal veins (black bold lines) are visible. In the left, there is an exchange of hydrothermal waters with surface groundwater.

1, 2, 3, 4, - successive stages of growth of minerals: crystals of quartz and pyrite. The growth of crystals in the bowels of the Earth turns out to be associated with an 11-year cycle of solar activity.

Space processes and mineral formation

A.G. Zhabin, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences

Terrestrial and cosmic phenomena.

"Since no one can know what happened 45 billion years ago, we are forced to start with the current state of the solar system and step by step restore more and more earlier stages of its development. This principle, highlighting unobservable phenomena, lies in the basis of the modern approach to the study of the geological evolution of the Earth, its motto: "the present is the key to the past."

Periodic rhythms.

Cosmic phenomena and processes - events of space origin, connecting or likely to have a damaging effect on people, agricultural animals and plants, economic objects and the natural environment. Such cosmic phenomena can be the fall of cosmic bodies and dangerous cosmic radiation.

Humanity has an enemy more dangerous than nuclear bomb, global warming or AIDS. Currently, about 300 space bodies are known that can cross the earth's orbit. These are mainly asteroids ranging in size from 1 to 1000 km. In total, about 300 thousand asteroids and comets have been discovered in space. Until the last moment we may not know anything about the approaching catastrophe. Astronomers have admitted that the most modern space tracking systems are very weak. At any moment, an asteroid, a killer rapidly approaching the Earth, can "emerge" from the cosmic abyss, and our telescopes will detect it only when it is too late.

In the entire history of the earth, collisions with cosmic bodies with a diameter of 2 to 100 km are known, of which there were more than 10.

Reference: On the morning of June 30, 1908, the inhabitants of Eastern Siberia were struck by a terrifying vision - a second sun appeared in the sky. It appeared suddenly and for some time eclipsed the usual daylight. This strange new “sun was moving across the sky with amazing speed. A few minutes later, shrouded in black smoke, it fell over the horizon with a wild roar. At the same instant, a huge pillar of fire shot up over the taiga and the roar of a monstrous explosion was heard, which could be heard for hundreds and hundreds of miles. The terrifying heat, instantly spreading from the place of the explosion, was so strong that even tens of miles from the epicenter, people's clothes began to smolder. As a result of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite, 2500 sq. km (this is 15 territories of the Principality of Liechtenstein) of taiga in the basin of the Podkamennaya Tunguska river. Its explosion was equivalent to 60 million tons of TNT equivalent. And this despite the fact that its diameter was only 50-60m. If he had arrived 4 hours later, then there would have been horns and legs from St. Petersburg.

In the state of Arizona, there is a crater 1240m in diameter and 170m deep.

Approximately 125 celestial bodies are considered potentially dangerous, the most dangerous is asteroid No. 4 "Apophis", which is April 13, 2029. can crash into the ground. Its speed is 70 km / s, diameter 320 m, weight 100 billion. t.

Scientists recently discovered the asteroid 2004 VD17, which is about 580m in diameter and weighs 1bn. i.e., the probability of its collision with the ground is 5 times higher, and this collision is possible already in 2008.

Emergency and extreme situationscaused by the temperature and humidity state of the environment.

During temperature and humidity drops, as well as their combinations, emergencies such as severe frosts, extreme heat, fog, ice, dry wind, frosts appear. They can cause frostbite or hypothermia of the body, heat or sunstroke, an increase in the number of injuries and deaths from falls.

The conditions of human life depend on the ratio of temperature and humidity.

Reference:In 1932. Neagara Falls froze from severe frosts.

Theme. Technogenic emergencies

Lecture plan:

Introduction.

1. Emergency situations caused by traffic accidents.

2. Emergency situations caused by fires and explosions at economic facilities

3. Emergency situations caused by the release of chemically hazardous substances.

4. Emergencies associated with the release of radioactive substances.

5. Emergency situations caused by hydrodynamic accidents.

Educational literature:

1. Protection of the population and economic facilities in emergency situations

Radiation safety, h 1.

2. Protection of the population and territory in emergency situations

ed. V.G. Shakhov, ed. 2002 year

3. Emergency situations and rules of behavior of the population when they occur

ed. V. N. Kovalev, M. V. Samoilov, N. P. Kokhno, ed. 1995 year

The source of a technogenic emergency is a dangerous technogenic accident, as a result of which a technogenic emergency occurred at an object, a certain territory or water area.

Technogenic emergency - this is an unfavorable situation in a certain area, resulting from an accident, catastrophe, which may or has entailed human casualties, damage to human health, the environment, significant material losses and disruption of human life.

Dangerous man-made accidents include accidents and disasters at industrial facilities or in transport, fire, explosion, or the release of various types of energy.

Basic concepts and definitions according to GOST 22.00.05-97

CrashIs a dangerous man-made accident that creates a threat to human life and health at an object, a certain territory or water area and leads to the destruction of buildings, structures, equipment and vehicles, disruption of the production or transport process, as well as damage to the environment.

Catastrophe Is a major accident, usually with fatalities.

Technogenic hazard Is a state inherent in a technical system, industrial or transport facility that has energy. The release of this energy in the form of a damaging factor can harm humans and the environment.

Industrial accident - an accident at an industrial facility, technical system or in an industrial environment.

Industrial disaster - a major industrial accident, resulting in human casualties, damage to human health, or destruction and destruction of an object, material values \u200b\u200bof significant size, as well as leading to serious damage to the surrounding nature

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