Naturally, each time space has its own mysteries and unrevealed secrets. Primitive people evoke a lot of interest and curiosity from both scientific researchers and ordinary earthly representatives of humanity.

• Where primitive people lived.
• What the primitives ate.
• What clothes they wore.
• Tools of labor of primitive people.
• Than the primitives painted.
• Life expectancy.
• What responsibilities did men and women have?

Where primitive people lived

The question of how primitive people sheltered from the bad weather and dangerous animals of that era is very interesting. Despite their seemingly low mental development, primitive people were well aware that they needed to organize their own nest. This says a lot and that already at that time humanity had a developed instinct for self-preservation, and the desire for comfort had its place.

Huts made of animal bones and skins... If they were lucky and managed to win in the hunt for the mammoth, then from the remains of the beast, after butchering, people of the past era built themselves huts. They set strong and durable bones of the animal deep in the ground so that they would not fall out in adverse weather conditions. After building the foundation, they pulled a rather heavy and strong skin of animals on these bones, as if on a foundation, and then fixed them with various sticks and ropes to make their house unshakable.


Caves and gorges... Some were lucky enough to live in natural gifts, for example, in a mountain gorge or in caves formed by nature itself. Such structures were sometimes much safer than in makeshift huts. Lived in huts and caves of about twenty people, as primitive people lived in tribes.

What primitive people ate

Primitive people were alien to such foods, which we are used to eating today. They knew that they had to get and prepare food on their own, so they always did everything possible to get the prey. In moments of luck, they managed to feast on mammoth meat. As a rule, men followed such prey, with all the hunting implements possible for their time. It often happened that many representatives of the tribe died during the hunt, after all, the mammoth is not a weak animal that is also able to protect itself. But if it was possible to score the prey, then a tasty and nutritious diet was provided for a long period of time. Primitive people cooked meat on a fire, which they also got themselves, because in those days there were no matches, and even more so, lighters.


Hiking a mammoth is dangerous and not always crowned with success, so not every time men took risks and took such an unpredictable step. The main diet for people of primitive times was a raw food diet. They got a variety of fruits, vegetables, roots and herbs, which they were fed.

Primitive clothing

Primitive people often wore what their mother gave birth to. Although, clothes were also encountered in their everyday life. They put it on not from aesthetic concepts, but for the purpose of the safety of causal places. Most often, such clothes were worn by men so as not to damage the reproductive organs during the hunt. Women protected the same causal places for posterity. They made clothes from animal skins, leaves, hay, found intricate roots.

Tools of labor of primitive people

Both primitive people, like modern people, needed tools to hike the mammoth and to build a hearth. They independently constructed and came up with what form, weight and purpose each of them should be. From what to make them, of course, they also invented themselves. To implement the invented, they used sticks, stones, ropes, pieces of iron and many other details. Almost all the tools of labor of primitive people came to the modern world almost unchanged, only the materials from which they were made changed. Hence the conclusion that their level of intelligence was at a high level.

Than primitive people painted

Scientific researchers, investigating the secrets of the life of primitive people, often find unusual and skillful drawings in their huts. What did the primitives draw with? They came up with a lot of improvised means that could be used to depict anything on the wall. These were sticks with which they knocked out patterns on the wall, and hard rocks, and iron fragments. From what the primitives painted, even the most distinguished scientists are delighted and amazed. These unknown people had such a highly developed level of intelligence and such a high desire to leave a memory of themselves that they created drawings that have survived for many millennia.

Life expectancy of primitive man

Not a single scientist could accurately voice the exact figure of the life expectancy of primitive people. However, there is scientific evidence that virtually no primitive people haven't lived more than forty years... Although, their life was so eventful, full of freedom and creative ideas, that maybe forty years is enough to fully embody everything conceived.


Their life was dangerous, unpredictable, full of extreme, at the same time, they had a high probability of eating spoiled, poisonous or unsuitable food. In addition, hunting, the implementation of any ideas with their own hands, all this could be fatal.

For the first time, the "Paleolithic diet" was proposed 7 years ago by an American nutritionist Oz Garcia... The principle of nutrition is naturalness: no sugar and sweets, if meat, then from animals raised on grass, and not on compound feed, if bread, then grain, at least flour, a little fat and, of course, no genetically modified products ... After 5 years interested in this topic Steffen Lindeberg, M.D. from the University of Lund (Sweden).

Leave the grain to the mice!

The Paleolithic era began about 2.6 million years ago and ended after 12 millennia. Ancient people obtained food by hunting animals and gathering plants. Therefore, Dr. Lindeberg concluded, the Paleolithic man ate very few cereals, because you cannot collect wild spikelets for a family. In addition, such a person did not know the taste of animal milk - wild cows, and even more so mammoths are not very milkable! Accordingly, dairy products were not found in the Paleolithic at all.

By the way, over the past 40 thousand years, the human genome has changed by less than 0.02%. This means that our body is still hoping to get the same foods that our ancestors ate 40,000 years ago. But this just does not happen.

Awesome effect!

A group of researchers decided to test whether grains and milk are really genetically unfit for humans. For 10 years, they studied one of the last groups of the population on Earth, which still lives according to the principles of the Paleolithic. These are the tribes of Kitava Island (Papua New Guinea). It turned out that not only were there no fat people among them, but not a single case of cardiac diseases was even identified! The last people of the Paleolithic died only from infections or from falls from a palm tree.

Another study focused on diabetics. Some of them agreed to eat a Paleolithic diet, while others preferred traditional cuisine. After 12 weeks, among the members of the first group, 19% fewer people with high blood sugar were identified than among the second group. Moreover, by the end of the study, the "Paleolithic" blood sugar levels were completely normalized, and their weight decreased.

After such success, Dr. Lindeberg recommended his diet to anyone looking to lose weight and prolong life. With one caveat: the Paleolithic diet, which is logical to assume, should be accompanied by Paleolithic fitness! The ancestors did not get food in the store ...

And this, of course, became a stumbling block. A Paleolithic man, as historians say, spent up to 4500 kcal per day! Modern townspeople are only 2500 kcal. How to be?

Rational approach

A woman undertook to modernize the Stone Age diet - physiologist and nutritionist at the University of London Medical School Harriet Pamstone... “There is no point in copying the diet of a Paleolithic man,” she said. - The average life expectancy then was 20-27 years. What is there to envy? Meat - a source of protein - did not enter the body regularly, and without protein, our body simply cannot renew itself!

For starters, Dr. Pamstone decisively banished refined sugar and cooking oils from the table and suggested minimizing oils and salt.

Meat - often, but little by little

"You should get 18-20% of all calories from animal protein," says Dr. Pamstone. - If you work physically - up to 25%. Protein takes the digestive system to work for a long time, and this helps not to overeat.

Choose lean meats, and be sure to remove the skin from poultry before cooking.

However, it is quite possible to replace meat with fish, although fishing was not known in the Paleolithic. But in the modern world, fish is still more preferable than meat.

An important point: at one time the body can absorb only 30 g of protein. This is about 100 g of fish or meat. It turns out that they should be eaten not once a day, but three, but little by little.

Drink, people, milk!

Milk and dairy products are a topic in which Dr. Pamstone decisively diverges from his Paleolithic predecessors. “The ancient man did not drink milk simply because he could not get it,” Harriet Pamstone rushes into battle. “If it were harmful to humans, why would nature have endowed his pancreas with the ability to produce a special enzyme - lactase - to digest milk sugar?”

Indeed, calcium in milk is in the form (calcium lactate) that is ideally absorbed by humans.

“Drink milk, eat cottage cheese and yogurt,” advises Dr. Pamstone. - Better for dinner - at night the body needs more calcium.

Perfect set

To summarize: what is there to lose weight and get healthier? The Paleolithic diet performed by Dr. Pamstone looks very attractive and varied.

●  Vegetables, fruits, berries- in abundance whenever you want, and especially those that grow in your region.

●  Cereals - regularly in moderate portions, whole.

●  Flour - practically exclude.

●  Meat and fish- fractional and little by little.

●  Seeds, raisins, nuts, honey- rarely.

●  Milk and dairy products- low-fat, every evening.

●  Eggs- sometimes.

Personal opinion

Albina Dzhanabaeva:

I checked myself that I feel better when I go in for sports. It is thanks to him that my tone rises. As for the intensity of the classes, then i am human extremes, that is, I can exercise regularly every other day, or I can never go to a fitness club for three months.

In the sweat of his brow, he extracted his food: first he collected edible plants, fruits and roots, then he began to include animal food in his diet. The struggle for survival in harsh conditions left an imprint on the diet of our ancestors and led to morphological and physiological changes in their bodies.

Homo sapiens(Homo sapiens) lived at about the same time as the Neanderthals. For unknown reasons, the latter species became extinct, and Homo sapiens began a victorious march across the planet, mastering new areas of habitation and conquering new continents.

35 thousand years ago new people appeared in Europe, very close to modern man - Cro-Magnons... They cannot be regarded as the ancestors of all modern people. Cro-Magnons are one of many groups Homo sapiensthat lived on Earth during the last glaciation.

Their stone tools were much better than those of the Neanderthals. New people knew how to make spearheads, daggers, needles from bone. They later designed the bow and arrow. Cro-Magnons built housing that allowed them to hide from the weather. They first tamed wolves, from which domestic dogs later descended. The first cave paintings were also made by these people.

The Cro-Magnons were great huntersand passed on their experience from generation to generation. They used spears, darts, arrows and stone throwing discs. In hunting, they were very resourceful, using deep camouflaged pits and corrals in narrow gorges to catch prey. They often put on skins to get closer to the herd of animals. Hunting for large animals was collective. The Cro-Magnons first invented the harpoon and began to fish with it. They also successfully trapped birds, devised elaborate death traps for predators. Using the techniques and tools of hunting, Cro-Magnons were able to get highly nutritious animal food and have significantly expanded their diet... This obviously contributed to the successful survival and reproduction of the species and helped them populate even the harsh cold regions of Siberia.

Cro-Magnons did not disdain to collect edible plants, roots, fruits, berries. Usually women and children did this. Part of the plant prey was cooked over a fire. Boiling and toasting plant foods increased their nutritional value and helped to break down and soften cellulose, which is inedible to humans. The tubers of many plants were poisonous, but heat treatment removed harmful toxins from them. People learned in practice how to survive in harsh conditions, accumulated the experience and taught the younger generation.

Scientists have made a reconstruction of the Cro-Magnon diet. It turned out that plant and animal food was consumed by people in a ratio of two to one. The body obtained proteins and fats from the animal food component (mammals, fish, birds, insects). But, despite the abundance of potential food, man was limited by natural resources. According to the calculations of specialists, 1 square km of land could feed no more than 60 people. Population growth occurred in arithmetic progression, while natural resources decreased exponentially.

However, there is no consensus among scientists about the diet of the primitive Homo sapiens, since the nature of the diet is largely determined by the climate and geographic characteristics of the regions of his residence. In some regions with rather harsh conditions, thousands of years ago, people ate rather poorly, mainly on plant foods, and only rarely - after a successful hunt - did they eat meat.

About 10 thousand years ago, climate warming began in Europe, and this was a good precondition for the emergence farming... This event can be viewed as a revolutionary step that contributed to the evolution of Homo sapiens. The development of agriculture has made it possible to feed about 100 times more people per unit area. The population began to increase very soon. Contacts between the tribes intensified: there was an intensive exchange of various products, the rate of dissemination of innovations and experience increased.

But the spread of agriculture also had a downside. The majority of the population switched to carbohydrate food. The transition to a diet with a predominance of cereals led to a violation of the nutritional balance. This contributed the appearance of problems with teeth... Caries has become a massive disease in the population, and the incidence of tooth loss in adults has increased. Lack of protein food was the reason avitaminosis, the human body also lacked iron, many developed anemia... Infant mortality has increased.

Thus, agriculture, on the one hand, made it possible to solve the problem of survival and expansion of the range of mankind, but on the other hand, people paid for it with their health.

Homo sapiens, improving hunting tools, learned how to get animal food quite regularly, the plant component also made up a significant share in his diet. Agriculture has basically solved the problem with the nutrition of the rapidly growing population, but the mono-diet has become the cause of vitamin deficiency and human diseases.

The paleo diet, which has recently become popular in medical circles, was created back in the 1970s by gastroenterologist Walter Vogtlin. He was the first to suggest that the food that our ancestors ate during the Paleolithic period could make modern people healthier. Returning to the diet of our ancestors, according to Dr. Vogtlin and a dozen of his followers, could dramatically reduce the possibility of Crohn's disease, diabetes, obesity, indigestion and a host of other diseases. But is the modern paliodiet really similar to the diet of our ancestors?

Features of the paleo diet

At first glance, such a diet has similarities with what a person could eat during the Paleolithic era. The diet mainly consists of meat and fish, which primitive man could have obtained from hunting and fishing, as well as plants that he could collect, including nuts, seeds, vegetables and fruits. It is necessary to avoid cereals and their processed products, since the prehistoric period preceded the cultivation of crops. Dairy products are also prohibited - primitive man did not raise animals for milk or meat. Honey is the only sugar that is allowed to be consumed during the diet, because, as we know, refined sugar did not exist at that time. Salt consumption is also limited - our ancestors certainly did not have salt shakers on the table. Prohibited processed foods in any form. The meat should be obtained from those animals that were fed exclusively on grass, which is as close as possible to the diet of ruminants of that time.

What did primitive people actually eat?

However, critics argue that the paleo diet drastically simplifies everything that primitive man could eat. In the first place in it they take out meat or fish, but there is no evidence that it was proteins that formed the basis of the diet of primitive man. Just like modern eating habits, the Paleolithic diet was highly dependent on where people lived. Groups that settled in places similar to modern deserts were unlikely to be able to fish for themselves, and meat, most likely, did not often come to them for lunch. Most likely, nuts, seeds and even insects played a large role in their diet. Groups that lived in cold regions had limited access to fresh vegetables and fruits. Their diet was almost entirely based on meat, and it is possible that they ate all parts of the animal to eliminate the deficit caused by the lack of fresh food. Critics argue that modern paleo diets do not take into account such details.

Critics' main arguments

However, the most controversial aspect of the paleo diet is its ability to improve health. While most modern humans will benefit from eating more fruits and vegetables, it’s very difficult to say if primitive man was healthier than our contemporaries. After all, many children died before the age of 15, and few adults crossed the 40-year mark.

In addition, recent studies published in The Lancet have found an alarmingly high rate of atherosclerosis in ancient mummies found. The disease was found in 47 of the 137 mummies found. This casts doubt on the theory that our ancestors were much healthier than we are now.

Shutterstock In order to lose weight on a flabby belly, you need to strengthen your muscles and reduce its volume through healthy eating. Only by completely changing your daily diet can you achieve amazing results from exercise. The combination of cardio and strength training is the key to full-fledged work on reducing the abdominal area. Start your workout with cardio workouts, and then move on to strength exercises. The basic rules for effective performance of exercises for the abdomen are reduced to the following points: a combination of cardio and power loads; proper nutrition during training; workout at an average pace without weighting; correct technique when performing; systematic exercise; regular classes at least 3-5 times a week. A set of effective exercises for the abdomen at home What exercises should be done to remove ...

The first Moscow ecological festival will take place on September 21 in Gorky Park, NSN reports. It is organized by the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation with the support of the Moscow Department of Nature Management, the Federal Forestry Agency and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of Russia. As part of the festival, volunteers and divers will clean the banks and the bottom of the Moskva River from debris. Also planned master classes, a program for children, performances by famous artists. Earlier Earlier, PolitExpert reported on the ecological marathon "From Onega to Ladoga". Source

Employees of the administration of the Glazovsky district have planted about 15 hectares of forest, reports IA "Udmurtia" with reference to the press service of the republican Ministry of Agriculture. Forest planting in the region has been carried out for several years. In 2019, the event took place on the eve of Forestry and Timber Industry Workers Day. Earlier, the TV channel "360" reported that the action "Our forest. Plant your tree ”will be held on September 21 in the Moscow region. It also became known that the Sverdlovsk region will take part in the all-Russian action "Live, the forest!" Source

The ellipse, unlike other cardiovascular equipment, gives a complex load. It allows you to immediately pump the muscles of the upper and lower parts of the body, as well as "dry out". Understanding how an elliptical trainer works. How the elliptical trainer works The trainer consists of two platforms for legs and, as a rule, two sets of handles - one movable, the other fixed. Pressing the pedals activates the treadmill. At the same time, the legs move along an elliptical trajectory - hence the name of the mechanism. During training, the muscles of the legs and buttocks work on the ellipse, and when using the movable arms, the muscles of the arms and shoulders. How to turn on the elliptical trainer in the gym The elliptical trainer is extremely easy to use. To turn it on, you just need to start pedaling. Be careful when entering ...

In the Kirov region, an enterprise was fined for dumping wastewater into a stream, progorod43.ru reports, citing the press center of the regional government. As told in the regional Ministry of Protection environment, the company, on a paid contractual basis, accepted sewage wastewater from third-party enterprises for transportation to centralized sewerage systems, but instead, everything was directly discharged into a stream. The stream flows into the Maslenka River, which, in turn, flows into the Shirokovskaya oxbow. Thus, a specially protected natural area of \u200b\u200bregional significance was polluted. The enterprise was fined 80 thousand rubles. Earlier, as reported by URA.RU, in the Tyumen region they talked about ...

The Sverdlovsk region will take part in the all-Russian action "Live, the forest!", Tagilcity.ru reports with reference to the regional government. Young trees will be planted in 30 forestries - only about 55 hectares. Also, cleaning of the territories will be carried out with the involvement of representatives of forestries, schoolchildren and social activists. The main site is a plot in Bilimbaevsky forestry, where it is planned to plant more than 8 thousand pines. Earlier, the TV channel "360" reported that the action "Our forest. Plant your tree ”will be held on September 21 in the Moscow region. Source

The shoulder joint is covered by the deltoid muscle, which consists of three heads: anterior, middle, and posterior. It is the training associated with strengthening the deltoid muscle that leads to the desired relief. In ordinary life, girls practically do not use the shoulder muscle group as intensely as possible during training in the gym. Shoulder training in the gym should include a uniform load on all 3 muscle heads at once, this will help speed up the desired result and protect you from injury. Here are a few key points to help you improve your workouts and avoid mistakes. Do not be afraid to pump up your shoulders with exercises: the deltoids can increase in a girl only if she takes special drugs with testosterone content and colossal loads. Apply different exercises ...

Even very slender girls do not always see the cherished cubes. In fact, the path to a sports tummy is not at all as difficult as it seems: everyone can do the pumping of the press. The main advantage of doing ab exercises at home is that you don't need any additional equipment to complete them, except for a small rug. In addition to the workouts themselves, it is very important to cut down on junk food and include daily body care into the mandatory program. A healthy diet with an emphasis on protein and fiber, massage and exercise are the three main companions of a good abs. Before you start studying the abdominal workout program for girls, remember a few basic rules that will help you achieve the desired result as quickly as possible: Train for the hungry ...

Shutterstock Elliptical trainers have grown in popularity since their introduction. Exercising on a stationary bike is like a combination of running and cycling, which is why it is so effective for losing weight. But let's figure out why the elliptical trainer is useful and harmful, what muscles does the ellipse trainer train and how many calories does it burn in one workout? Elliptical trainer: benefits and harms The benefits of an ellipse trainer Effective cardio training Exercising on an ellipse trainer is an excellent cardio workout option. Adjustable magnetic or electrical resistance helps you set the optimal intensity level. And the use of handles during training makes not only the muscles of the legs work, but also the arms and shoulders. Benefits for the Heart Cardio training on the elliptical trainer is effective not only for losing weight, but also for strengthening the heart and improving the condition of the cardiovascular system. That is why…

State Duma deputy Alexander Fokin, in an interview with the TV channel "360", commented on the creation of waste incineration plants in the Moscow region. According to Fokin, the topic of landfills and waste disposal is very important for the region, since landfills are overloaded. “In my opinion, this is one of the ways that would contribute to the creation of a situation more favorable in the Moscow region for everything that concerns production and consumption waste, including household waste,” he said. According to him, waste incineration is a new technology that is quite efficient and safe enough for the environment. Fokin considers it correct to make a decision to build such ...

We have compiled a hint list to help you understand which elliptical trainer is the best for home. How to choose the right elliptical trainer for your home? Flywheel Weight Flywheel weight is one of the main criteria to look for when purchasing an elliptical trainer. It literally defines everything: quality, comfort and smoothness of pedaling. A flywheel too light (from 7 to 10 kg) will respond with unpleasant jerks when pedaling. The more weight the flywheel has, the more resistance you will feel as you accelerate. A quality home elliptical trainer has a heavier wheel because it provides harmonious pedaling smoothness, comfort, and a pleasant feel. To find a good elliptical trainer, check in advance ...