The human body needs a continuous supply of beta-carotene (β-carotene) from food, since it cannot produce it on its own. Carotene is a natural precursor of vitamin A, one of the most important substances for the adequate functioning and health of our body.

It is useful to get acquainted with its properties, mechanism of action, sources, physiological norm, manifestations of deficiency, as well as potential harm. Knowing about beta-carotene will help you take it optimally for your own good.

What is Beta Carotene

The substance belongs to carotenoids - the provitamins of retinol (vitamin A). Unlike alpha-carotene, beta-carotene is absorbed by our body twice as intensively, therefore, from a biological point of view, it is more accessible and valuable.

Carotenoid compounds arise in plant tissues due to photosynthesis, and are also produced by algae, fungi, and bacteria. In animal products, beta-carotene is not found, it contains other precursors of vitamin A - retinoids.

The presence of beta-carotene in a particular plant is eloquently indicated by their color - yellow, orange, scarlet, purple. In fact, β-carotene is a natural yellow pigment that colors the peel and pulp of vegetables, berries, and fruits. But even green herbs and leaves are rich in its content. This is clearly seen in the fall, when the green chlorophyll breaks down and the greens turn yellow. Therefore, lettuce leaves, table greens are no less valuable source of carotene than yellow and orange fruits.

For industrial purposes, beta-carotene is used as a food coloring (international code E160a). It is obtained only from natural sources - the pulp of carrots, pumpkin, and also uses microbiological synthesis. The release of a chemical analogue is rarely practiced due to inappropriateness. Therefore, the carotene produced for various purposes mainly has a natural formula, since it is extracted from a natural source.

What foods contain beta-carotene

Any plant product with a bright color (fruits, berries, herbs) is a natural source of beta-carotene.

Content champions:

• carrot;
• pumpkin;
• melon;
• persimmon;
• mango;
• bell pepper;
• chilli;
• tomatoes;
• lettuce leaves;
• sorrel;
• broccoli;
• peach;
• plums;
• apricot;
• grapefruit;
• currant;
• cranberry;
• blueberries;
• spinach;
• gooseberry.

Also, beta-carotene is found inside the crystals of sea salt as a product of algae synthesis. Lake Sysak is popular on the Crimean peninsula, which is a unique salt source of β-carotene.

Daily rate of beta-carotene

Intake of beta-carotene does not mean its complete absorption. The pigment is dissolved by the fatty medium, therefore it is absorbed with a sufficient amount of fat. A low-calorie oil-restricting diet inhibits the conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A.

In terms of biochemical availability, 6 g of pure beta-carotene correspond to 1 g of vitamin A in the form of retinol. The assimilation of the substance is strongly influenced by the presence of fat during the transformation of β-carotene into retinol:

• pure β-carotene, dissolved in a fatty medium, is absorbed by 50%;
• natural beta-carotene extracted by the body from the product is assimilated by 8.3%;
• other carotenoids from a natural source, including alpha-carotene and gamma-carotene, will be absorbed by 4.16%.

The physiological norm of beta-carotene is estimated at 5-7 mg per day for adults. The child's body needs 1.8 - 3 mg of the substance.

No upper limit has been set - organic carotene, even when consumed in high doses, does not give any negative symptoms. Our body stores the substance in the liver and body fat, converting it into vitamin A only as needed. Carotene, unused for these purposes, works as an effective antioxidant. It captures aggressive cells, binds and safely removes them, neutralizing their harm.

The benefits and harms of beta carotene

Research has unconditionally established the beneficial effects of carotene on the human body. Carotenoids, unlike animal retinoids, are safe at any dose. Unless the skin acquires a yellowish tint (carotenoderma) until the substance is removed.

Do not confuse the harm from an overdose of vitamin A, which threatens with big problems, especially for pregnant women and smokers. This does not apply to carotene - the compound is completely harmless. An excess of carotenoids does not in any way mean an oversaturation of vitamin A - the body transforms carotene into retinol when it is deficient in the latter. Therefore, an overdose of beta-carotene does not mean an overdose of vitamin A, which doctors warn against.

What benefits our body gets from beta-carotene:

• active action of a powerful antioxidant;
• protection of cells from the harm of free radicals;
• reducing the risk of cancer;
• support of visual acuity, eye health;
• protection from radiation;
• replenishment of the body with vitamin A;
• ensuring a healthy state of the skin, mucous membranes, epithelium of internal organs.

Carotene activates weak immunity, and a duet with vitamin C helps to quickly overcome respiratory tract infections, flu, respiratory diseases, colds.

How carotene deficiency manifests itself

Lack of carotenoids leads to health problems. Studies have found that people who get a meager amount of carotene from food are 8 times more likely to get cancer. In addition, beta-carotene deficiency affects visual acuity, causes dry sclera, coarsening and early aging of the skin, frequent infections with severe course.

If the diet, in addition to carotene itself, is poor in vitamin A, then the person suffers from night blindness, frequent infections, ulcers, brittle nails and hair. The immune barrier is weakened, tissues suffer from oxidation, free radical attack. Against the background of deficiency, infertility develops, tumors grow, intrauterine development of the embryo is disrupted, endocrine disruptions occur.

In case of a lack of beta-carotene, its reception is indicated in order to remove or weaken the negative manifestations of the deficiency.

Indications for taking carotene

Organic carotene in the form of a finished product has found application as a therapeutic and prophylactic agent.

He is appointed:

• with retinol deficiency;
• to stimulate the immune barrier;
• for the prevention of cancer;
• persons experiencing negative environmental impact (bad ecology, hazardous production, radiation, radiation);
• to prevent early skin aging;
• athletes, persons of hard work, experiencing heavy loads;
• with ulcerative conditions, infections;
• to improve vision.

A number of competent scientists argue that it is enough to eat 1 medium carrot daily to adequately supply the body with beta-carotene.

Contraindications for beta carotene

A reliably established contraindication for carotene is its persistent intolerance, fraught with allergies.

In parallel, there are unconfirmed data that carotene in excessive doses does not reduce, but increases the threat of cancer for smokers. Other studies investigating the effect of beta-carotene did not reveal such an effect. On the contrary, the control group of smokers who did not receive the substance showed a serious risk of tumors, exceeding the group receiving carotene several times.

Scientists today agree on the harmlessness of organic β-carotene, emphasizing its vital necessity and undoubted benefits.

Most Popular Beta Carotene Supplements

Applicability table of preparations with Beta-Carotene

• Leukoplakia
  150,000 IU twice a week
  Beta-carotene, the most widely used supplement in the treatment of leukoplakia, to increase remission rates.
• Lungs' cancer
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  Beta-carotene is believed to be effective in reducing the risk of cancer in nonsmokers. Smokers should avoid beta-carotene supplements, including multivitamins.
• Night blindness
  With a deficit: 10000-25000 ME / day
  Night blindness can be an early sign of vitamin A deficiency. Supplementation with beta-carotene, which is converted into vitamin A in the body, helps correct the deficiency and improve symptoms of night blindness.
• Luminosity
  100000-300000 ME / day under medical supervision
  Beta-carotene is able to protect against free radicals caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation and may contribute to increased tolerance to sunlight.
• Asthma
  64 mg daily from food
  Some researchers have suggested that exercise-induced asthma attacks may be caused by free radicals triggered during exercise. Supplementation with beta-carotene, an antioxidant, protects against free radicals and may prevent these attacks.
• Immunity
  25,000-100,000 IU per day, but ONLY for NON-SMOKERS
  Beta-carotene increases the number of immune cells and their activity.
• Pancreatic insufficiency
  9000 ME / day
  Taking antioxidant supplements such as beta-carotene can reduce pain and prevent recurrence of pancreatitis.
• Sunburn
  6 mg / day of natural beta-carotene during sun exposure
  Beta carotene supplements can help protect skin from UV rays and sunburn.
• Age-related dementia
  50 mg daily
  In one study, long-term beta-carotene supplementation slowed the loss of cognitive function in middle-aged and healthy men.
• Alcohol addiction
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  Patients suffering from alcohol dependence are found to be deficient in many vitamins, including vitamin A. Therefore, taking beta-carotene can be effective in treating alcohol dependence.
• Cataract
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  People who eat fruits and vegetables rich in beta-carotene have a lower risk of developing cataracts.
• Gastritis
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  The antioxidant beta-carotene can reduce the amount of free radicals in the stomach, leading to better conditions for people with gastritis in some studies.
• Heart attack
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  Beta-carotene supplementation can reduce the likelihood of a heart attack and may improve the situation in people who have already had a heart attack.
• AIDS (HIV)
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  HIV-positive patients often have a general vitamin deficiency, so beta-carotene supplementation can be effective in improving the patient's general condition.
• Macular degeneration
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  Sunlight causes oxidative damage to the eyes, which can lead to macular degeneration. Beta carotene protects against oxidative stress and may reduce the risk of macular degeneration.
• Sickle cell anemia
  On the recommendation of a doctor
  Patients with sickle cell anemia tend to have low levels of antioxidants that protect cells. Beta carotene supplementation can help correct this deficiency.

Background: green - scientifically proven, orange - insufficient evidence, White - no research

Crimean sea salt includes beta-carotene and all biocomponents in its crystal lattice, thus preserving the living biology of the sea. The pink color of the water in the Crimean salt lakes is due to the high concentration of unique wet algae in them, which is the only natural source in which the content of beta-carotene can reach 60-70% of its total content.

Beta - carotene provides the human body with provitamin A in an easily assimilated form and in the required amount.

OBTAINING CAROTENES FROM DUNALIELLA SALINA ALGAE

IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE CRIMEAN SALT FISHING

Introductory part

Carotene (from Latin carota - carrot) is a yellow-orange pigment synthesized by bacteria, fungi, algae, and higher plants. Its presence explains the yellow, orange, red color of fruits, roots, plant leaves.

By its chemical nature, carotene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon from the group of terpenoids. Empirical formula C40H56, molecular weight 536.9. The chemical synthesis of β-carotene was carried out in 1956. There are several isomeric forms of carotene, among them β-carotene (beta-carotene) is the best known. Β-carotene structural formula:

Insoluble in water, but readily soluble in organic solvents; belong to lipophilic compounds, that is, they are soluble in oils. In crystalline form, it has a violet-red color, in oil solution - from yellow to orange.

Solutions of carotenoids in organic solvents in spectrophotometric studies give characteristic absorption bands mainly in the visible region of the spectrum, and stereoisomers also show them in the ultraviolet region. This is one of the most accurate indicators used in identifying these substances. Another characteristic feature of carotenoids is selectively absorbed on mineral and some organic absorbents, which allows them to be separated using chromatographic methods. Certain specific reactions are characteristic of individual carotenoids, including color.

It should be borne in mind that carotenoids in their pure form are highly lability - they are very sensitive to sunlight, atmospheric oxygen, heating, acids and alkalis. Under the influence of these unfavorable factors, they undergo oxidation and destruction. At the same time, being a part of various complexes, they show much greater stability.

Along with black-brown melanins, carotenes are the most widespread pigments in nature: about 100 million tons (more than 3 tons per second) are synthesized on the Earth's scale every year. In nature, carotenoids can be in various states: in free form they are more often found in plastids of plants, muscle tissue of fish, bird eggs, in the form of fatty acid esters - in chromatophores and epidermal structures of plants, in the form of carotene proteins - in epidermal tissues of animals and etc.

Animals (including humans) are not able to synthesize carotenoids de novo, their intake depends only on food sources. The assimilation of carotenoids, like other lipids, occurs in the duodenal region of the small intestine. Under the influence of the gastrointestinal environment (for example, the acidity of gastric juice), the presence of specific receptors for proteins, carotenoids can be destroyed by oxidants or enzymes or metabolized, such as β-carotene into vitamin A. During digestion, vertebrates are able to break down the β-carotene molecule into two molecules of vitamin A Therefore, β-carotene is also called provitamin A. The provitamin properties of β-carotene and its oxidative conversion to vitamin A are common to all animals.

Carotene, which is a provitamin of vitamin A, is extremely important in human nutrition, it is indispensable for vision, growth, reproduction, protection against various bacterial and fungal diseases, and the normal functioning of the skin and mucous membranes. Beta-carotene has the highest singlet oxygen deactivation capacity known in nature. The latter has a high chemical activity, affects the processes associated with the destruction of various substances in the light, is responsible for DNA damage in living organisms, affects the aging process of the skin, etc. The average natural (without biological additives) consumption of carotene with food in different countries is 1.8-5.0 mg / day. According to the methodological recommendations on the norms of rational nutrition "NORMS of physiological needs for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation" dated December 18, 2008 (MR 2.3.1.2432 -08) 1 physiological need for beta-carotene for adults - 5 mg / day (introduced for the first time). 6 mcg of beta-carotene is equivalent to 1 mcg of vitamin A. An upper limit for beta-carotene has not been established; long-term intake of beta-carotene is not accompanied by any side effects. With an excess of carotene in the body, a state of hypercarotenemia is observed - however, unlike excess vitamin A, carotene is low toxic. Beta-carotene is registered as a food additive E160a.

The world market for carotenoids in 2000 was estimated at $ 786 million, including food use - $ 209 million, feed additives - $ 462 million, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products - $ 115 million. The carotenoid market is expected to grow to $ 919 million by 2015. 2. Beta-carotene accounts for about a third of the total carotenoid market. The cost of synthetic β-carotene is about US $ 500 / kg.

It should be pointed out that carotene obtained from natural sources belongs to natural products, the demand for which increases every year.

Natural sources of carotenoids and their uses

Dyes can be naturally identical (synthetic) or natural (natural).

Natural sources of carotenoids are very diverse, many of them are widely used to obtain carotenoid-containing products. In countries with a tropical climate, red palm oil and sweet potato tubers are the source of carotenoid-containing products. Citrus fruits, apricots, persimmons are quite rich in carotenoids. From the sources inherent in the middle latitudes, including the climatic zones of Ukraine, one can single out the fruits of carrots, pumpkins, tomatoes, sweet peppers, sea buckthorn, rose hips, and mountain ash. At the same time, a number of carotenoid-containing preparations based on natural plant materials are produced by the Ukrainian pharmaceutical industry. In particular, rosehip oil (contains at least 0.6 g / l of carotenoids), oil from sea buckthorn fruits (the content of carotenoids is at least 1.8 g / l) are produced.

Beta-carotene (E160a) is the most popular among natural dyes. According to the latest data, about 30% of the total funds spent by food manufacturers on the purchase of natural dyes are spent on this pigment.

One of the most valuable sources of natural beta-carotene is the alga D. salina, from which a dye is obtained, containing 96% of this pigment in its composition. Palm Oil Carotene Blend contains 35% alpha carotene and 65% beta carotene. By its nature, beta-carotene is a fat-soluble pigment. It is artificially brought to the form of a water-dispersed emulsion. Beverages require highly stable acid-fast beta-carotene emulsions. If the emulsion breaks down during storage, a colored ring will usually form on the neck of the bottle. To avoid the appearance of such a defect, it is necessary to use a dye with an emulsifying system, selected in accordance with the characteristics of the production and composition of the drink. Polysorbate 80, sorbitan monooleate, gums, sucrose esters (individually or in various combinations) are used as emulsifiers. The lightfastness of beta-carotene is acceptable for clear beverages, however it is greatly reduced in the presence of oxygen and enhanced by the addition of ascorbic acid.

Paprika (E160c) is the next largest dye in the world consumption of carotenoids. Its market share in monetary terms is 20%. Paprika pigments are obtained from Capsicum annum L. sweet pepper oleoresins.

Paprika pigments are inherently fat-soluble. Their water-dispersed emulsions are produced in forms suitable for obtaining both transparent solutions and solutions with varying degrees of turbidity. Paprika pigments are sensitive to light and oxygen, but not pH sensitive. Ascorbic acid, alphatocopherol and rosemary extract can be used to stabilize them. A well-purified colorant at the dosages required for coloring does not impart perceptible foreign tastes and odors to the products.

The group of carotenoids also includes the yellow-orange natural annatto dye (E160b), obtained from the seeds of the Bixa orellana plant. Annatto's homeland is Central and South America. Annatto is an easily cultivated tree that reaches a fruiting period of 4-5 years and yields within 20 years. Annatto is one of the most economically significant natural dyes in the world. The largest producers of annatto seeds are Peru, Brazil and Kenya, while the largest importers are the United States, Japan and Europe.

The fat-soluble pigment bixin is extracted from annatto seeds with ethanol or oil. The water-soluble pigment norbixin is obtained by the alkaline hydrolysis of bixin. Annatto aqueous solution is produced as an alkaline solution with a pH of 10.5, therefore, precautions must be taken when working with it. Recently, a pathway for converting the carotenoid lycopene (the red pigment in tomato) to bixin has been investigated. Currently, work is underway to breed bixin-producing tomatoes. Bixin is slightly soluble in oils - 0.1–0.3% (w / w). It is sensitive to pH, lowering which the hue shifts from yellow-orange to pink. Acidity does not affect the stability of this pigment. Bixin has good thermos stability at temperatures not exceeding 100 ° C, but quickly degrades at temperatures above 125 ° C. Bixin is stable to oxidation, but sensitive to light, like other carotenoids. Antioxidants are added to bixin-based colorants to increase stability.

The share of bixin in the natural dyes market is 7%. Water-soluble norbixin is available in standard (stable at about pH 4) and special acid-resistant (up to pH 2.5) forms. Also, on the basis of bixin, water-dispersed emulsions are produced, which make it possible to obtain turbid solutions.

Methods for obtaining beta-carotene from natural raw materials

The oldest, but still used, is the carrot method. The method is characterized by extremely high labor intensity and low profitability: to obtain 1 kg of crystalline carotene, it is necessary to process about 15 tons of carrots, i.e. this is equal to its collection from 1 hectare with an average yield.

In Ukraine, the predominant part of 80% of beta-carotene is now produced from the biomass of the mucor fungus Blakeslea trispora. The production uses wastes from the milling, canning and meat and dairy industries. Carotene is extracted from the fungus biomass with an organic solvent in vegetable oil, or the resulting biomass is dried without extraction. In the first case, the degree of extraction of carotene is higher, up to 50%. In the second case, a powder is obtained with a beta-carotene content of 6-7%. The cost of obtaining a product using this technology is high.

Benefits of using Dunaliella salina algae as a source of carotenoids

Dyes based on beta-carotene of natural origin have a higher stability than naturally identical ones. In addition, in naturally identical and microbiological (bacterial and fungal) beta-carotene, part of the pigment is in the form of poorly soluble crystals. Carotene has many isomeric forms; the synthetic version does not allow achieving the required ratio of isomers that exactly repeats the natural complex. The same applies to accompanying carotenoids, including carotenes and xanthophylls.

Under conditions favorable for growth and reproduction, D. salina cells are green in color and contain only about 0.3% β-carotene from dry weight, i.e. as much as plant leaves and cells of other non-carotid algae. Only under conditions that inhibit the growth and reproduction of cells, β-carotene accumulates in the latter in the form of orange oil globules located in the intertilakoid intervals of the chloroplast. Among the parameters regulating the processes of growth, reproduction and carotene formation, the light intensity, the concentration of osmotically acting salts, the temperature and the content of biogenic elements in the environment are of prime importance. The higher the illumination, the more intense the carotene formation. Excessive accumulation of β-carotene in its cells is also facilitated by an increased concentration of osmotically acting salts in the environment (up to 5 M NaCl), extreme temperatures (above or below the growth optimum), and a lack of nutrients in the nutrient medium (especially nitrogen starvation). Thus, the biosynthesis of β-carotene in the cells of the microscopic alga Dunaliella salina is an easily regulated process, which means that the cost of β-carotene obtained from algae grown in non-sterile conditions in the open air will decrease in the future on the basis of further improvement of the technological process.

Biology and taxonomy of algae

Dunaliella salina Teod. (Dunaliella brackish) - unicellular flagellate microalga (Fig. 1) from the department of Green algae.

Figure: 1 Dunaliella salina Teodoresco seen under a microscope at various magnifications. The length of the scale segment is 20 μm.

Taxonomic position:

• Kingdom Plantae
• Class (Class) Chlorophyceae
• Division of Chlorophycota
• Order Volvocales
• Family Dunaliellaceae
• Genus Dunaliella
• Species Dunaliella salina

The genus Dunaliella includes 29 brackish, marine, freshwater and soil species; 6 of them were found on the territory of Ukraine exclusively in salt water bodies. Well known is Dunaliella salina - brackish dunaliella, which develops in the hyperhaline reservoirs of southern Ukraine, including the steppe Crimea. In large quantities, it causes a red “bloom”, especially pronounced during the summer evaporation of water from shallow lagoons. Sometimes a salt concentrate is formed on the surface of such lagoons in the form of plates of salt crystals4. Thus, Dunaliella salina is able to live in brine, in which the saturation point is reached and crystallization and precipitation of salts occurs.

Algae cells of various shapes: oval, ellipsoidal, ovoid, pear-shaped, sometimes spherical, cylindrical or fusiform; radially or bilaterally symmetrical, rarely dorsiventral or slightly asymmetric. Cell sizes are very diverse. The length can be from 5 microns to 29 microns, the width from 4 microns to 20 microns; cell volume from 70 cubic meters to 4500 cubic meters 5. Chloroplast is most often green in color, sometimes yellow or brown. In shape, the chloroplast is usually cupped with a pyrenoid and an ocellus, less often without them.

Unlike many other algae, dunalielli cells lack a cellulose or pectin membrane and are surrounded only by a thin elastic protoplasmic membrane (plasmalemma). On both sides of the papilla, at the convex apical end of the cell, two flagella are attached, with the usual microstructure (9 + 2 microtubules). Usually flagella of the same length, equal to or greater than the length of the cell. In young, newly divided cells, one of the flagella may be shorter than the other. Like the rest of the cell, the flagella are covered with a protoplasmic membrane. Algae cells are able to move due to the paddle-like movements of the flagella. Dunaliella exhibits a pronounced positive phototaxis.

Dunaliella salina is characterized by both asexual and sexual types of reproduction. The first is predominant. Cell division is longitudinal. The sequence of division of organelles is not strictly determined and is easily disrupted, especially in old cultures. In this case, ugly forms are formed. In unfavorable conditions, dunaliella is capable of forming asexual cysts. Cysts have a spherical shape, a thick double shell and granular contents, the release of which during germination occurs through a gap in the shell. Before the germination of the cyst, its red content turns green and divides to form 2-4 cells. The sexual process in Dunaliella salina is of the gologamous type. Copulation can take place both in the light and in the dark. As a result of the fusion of two cells, an immobile zygote is formed, covered with a membrane (sometimes layered). Before germination, reduction division occurs with the formation of 2-32 cells. The number of the latter depends on the size of the zygote and the conditions in which it developed.

A study of the biology of D. salina and environmental factors causing its transition to active accumulation of β-carotene in vivo showed that the biosynthesis of this compound is an adaptive response of organisms in response to extreme growth conditions, which include changes in salinity and mineral composition of the environment, temperature and illumination, as well as a combination of a set of these parameters.

Assessment of carotenoid reserves in the salt fields of the Crimean peninsula

We have investigated several reservoirs of salt fields of the Crimean peninsula and southern Ukraine, in particular the Saki (Fig. 2), Sivash and Kherson salt industries.

Figure: 2. Saki Solprom. View of pools for salt cages from a height of 2 km. White color - evaporated salt; the red-brown color of the pools is largely due to the high concentration of Dunaliella cells in the brine

Table 2 presents the average data for a series of observations for 2007. A total of 90 samples were processed. The most adequate for assessing the number of algae during the year are its modal values, which turned out to be in the range of 19 - 37 million cells / L.

Table 2. Average and modal values \u200b\u200bof the abundance (million cells / l) of Dunaliella salina in the studied water bodies of the Kherson Solprom

The content of carotenes in a cell largely depends on the size of the cell and the growth conditions. Based on 80 determinations, we found that the carotene content averaged 0.69 nanograms / cell, with a very wide variation from 0.03 to 31.26 ng / cell. Note that the strong variation of the initial parameters does not allow, with a high probability of the event, to estimate the content of carotenes per cell for each specific case. In addition, it is not entirely correct to use the obtained average value to estimate the content of carotenes in a liter of water based on data on the number of cells in the studied water bodies, also for the reason that the dependence of the concentration of carotenes (mg / L) on the concentration of cells (mln.cl / L) in water, as it turned out, is nonlinear (Fig. 3) and is well described by the equation:

Figure: 3. Dependence of the concentration of carotenes (mg / l) on the concentration of cells (mln.cl / l) in the studied water bodies.

where x is the concentration of cells, mln. cells / l; y - concentration of carotenes, mg / l.

Taking into account the modal concentrations of cells in reservoirs, and using the obtained equation, we obtain that the “usual” (most common) content of carotenes in these reservoirs (according to the samples taken) is 3.42 - 4.51 mg / l.

The actual distribution of the carotene content in 1 L of water by frequency of occurrence in 80 samples from the studied water bodies, shown in Fig. 4 confirms the calculation made.

Figure: 4. Distribution of carotene content (mg / l) by frequency of occurrence in 80 samples from the studied water bodies.

Thus, on one square meter of the pool with an average brine layer thickness of 25 cm, the current carotene content will be 855 - 1128 mg, which corresponds to 8.6 - 11.3 kg / ha. Let us emphasize that such a content of carotene is typical for water bodies of salt mines in their “natural” state, aimed at obtaining and extracting salt, when the goal is not to obtain carotene as a product of production. Sometimes (6% of cases), under natural conditions, very high carotene concentrations exceeding 50 mg / L were achieved in water bodies, of which in two cases - more than 100 mg / L with a cell concentration of more than 3 billion / L.

Practice shows that the concentration of carotenes in brine can be increased tens and hundreds of times using the following technological methods:

• controlled (in existing reservoirs) algae cultivation using optimal salinity regimes, nutrient input and salt composition regulation;
• initiation of the accumulation of carotenes in algal cells when the salinity regimes, layer illumination (regulation of the water layer thickness), and the concentration of biogenic elements (especially nitrogen) are properly changed;
• protection of the algae population from predators (crustacean Artemia salina) by changing the salinity;
• settling, using the phenomenon of algae phototaxis;
• flotation.

Further coprecipitation of carotene with magnesium hydroxide makes it possible to further increase the concentration of carotene and obtain a product (paste) that allows long-term storage of carotene without decomposition. This is very important if we take into account the seasonality of the vegetation of algae in natural reservoirs; the possibility of subsequent processing of the paste and the extraction of carotene from it opens up in the winter, less busy months.

Previous experience of obtaining carotene in the salty estuaries of southern Ukraine

The method of mass cultivation of D. salina for the purpose of semi-industrial production of β-carotene was for the first time laid the basis for the creation of an experimental carotene farm with an area of \u200b\u200b0.5 hectares on the basis of the Saki chemical plant in the Crimea in 1965-1968 (Fig. 56). For the cultivation of algae, cheap chlorine-magnesium brine and fertilizers (superphosphate, ammonium nitrate, potassium salt, etc.) were used. with an earthen bottom (Fig. 5), in which the second stage took place - the accumulation of carotene. Experiments carried out on this farm in 1965-1968 showed the possibility of obtaining in the south of Ukraine up to 120 kg of carotene / ha during the growing season (7 months).

Leading manufacturers and examples of products containing carotene derived from Dunaliella salina

Mass cultivation of Dunaliella salina in order to obtain beta-carotene is carried out today in Australia, Israel, Spain, China, and the USA. The world's largest biotechnology firms: Betatene Pty Ltd in southern Australia and Western Biotechnology Pty Ltd in western Australia, which are part of the international corporation Cognis7, have over 800 hectares of Dunaliella ponds (Fig. 6) ..

In the United States, Cyanotech Inc. (Figure 7) and Microbio Resources, Inc. (San Diego, California, USA), each produce 1.5 tons of β-carotene per year from Dunalielli biomass. There is evidence that Microbio Resources has invested over US $ 15 million in Dunaliella growing and carotene production

There are also large manufacturers of beta-carotene in India (Arora aromatics, Uttar Pradesh) and China (Shandong Binzhou Tianjian Biotechnology Co., Ltd.) 8. For example, Arora aromatics is ready to supply 5 tons of Dunaliella powder (dry biomass) monthly.

Mass production of carotene has been established in Israel (Nature Beta Technologies9).

In Ukraine and Russia, the only manufacturer of natural carotenoids from the Blakeslea mushroom today (according to the company itself) is the group "NPP" VITAN "10. The company produces and sells such products as:

• Biomass of beta-carotene with a beta-carotene content of 6-7%.
• Lycopene biomass with a lycopene content of 3-5%.
• Oil solutions of beta-carotene in refined deodorized sunflower oil, which contain from 0.2 to 1.0% beta.
• Oil suspension of beta-carotene 2.5 ... 30%
• Beta Carotene Crystals 95%
• Dietary supplement "Karenol +" contains 0.2% beta-carotene solution in sunflower oil.
• Carotene oil contains 0.015% beta-carotene dissolved in sunflower oil.

Conclusion

The world experience of obtaining carotenes from the brackish unicellular alga Dunaliella salina shows not only the possibility, but also the prospects of this biotechnological direction. The conditions of the reservoirs of the Crimea and southern Ukraine provide a sufficient raw material base for the production of carotene. Competently used technological methods are able to significantly increase the yield of the final product. The previous, generally positive experience of growing algae on a pilot-industrial scale testifies to the reality of this project.

Practically from childhood, we hear that there should be more vegetables and fruits on our table. They contain vitamins and minerals that are so necessary for our body for normal functioning. This also includes carotenoids. What it is? What role do these substances play in the body? Let's consider further.

What are carotenoids

These are the very substances that make vegetables and fruits yellow, orange. The plant organism requires carotenoids to absorb solar energy. It should be noted that color pigments are present in absolutely every representative of the kingdom of living organisms.

Among all the known pigments, they are the most common and are presented in a wide variety.

Properties of carotenoids

Different groups of these compounds have different ability to absorb sunlight. But there are some properties that unite them:

• Carotenoids do not dissolve in water.
• They have good solubility in organic solvents: benzene, hexane, chloroform.
• They are able to be selectively absorbed on mineral absorbents, this property is used for their separation by chromatography.
• In their pure form, carotenoids have high lability: they respond well to sunlight, are sensitive to oxygen, do not withstand strong heating, acids and alkalis. Under the influence of these negative factors, the dye carotene is destroyed.
• As part of protein complexes, carotenoids become more stable.

Varieties of carotenoids

Despite the fact that all substances are in one group and have a similar structure, they are classified according to color pigmentation into 2 groups:

1. Carotenes. These are hydrocarbons. There are no oxygen atoms in the structure.
2. Xanthophylls are colored in various colors, ranging from yellow to red.

Carotenoids are:

• Alpha carotene. Found in large quantities in orange vegetables. Once in the body, it is able to convert into vitamin A. Lack of alpha-carotene leads to the development of cardiovascular pathologies.

• Beta carotene. Found in yellow fruits and vegetables. Protects the body from the harmful effects of free radicals. It is a powerful antioxidant that can be called an immune system protector.
• Lutein. It protects the health of the retina, protecting it from the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. When used regularly, it reduces the risk of developing cataracts by 25%. A lot of lutein is found in spinach, kale, zucchini, and carrots.
• Beta Cryptoxanthin. Reduces the risk of developing inflammatory pathologies, especially rheumatoid arthritis and other joint diseases. It is found in large quantities in citrus fruits, pumpkin, bell peppers.
• Lycopene. Is directly involved in the normalization of cholesterol metabolism. Prevents the development of atherosclerosis, helps fight excess weight. Suppresses the development of pathogenic intestinal microflora. The sources of lycopene are tomatoes, tomato paste, watermelons.

All types of carotenoids play an important role in the life of living organisms.

Role of carotenoids

Consider the significance of these pigments for humans:

• Carotenoids are substances that are provitamins of vitamin A. It is not produced in the body, but is needed for normal functioning.
• They have an effect on the condition of the skin and mucous membranes.
• Carotenoids have an antioxidant function.
• They have an immunostimulating effect.
• Prevents chromosomal mutations.
• They take part in genetic programs for the destruction of cancer cells.
• They have an inhibitory effect on the process of cell division.
• Suppress oncogenes.
• They inhibit the development of inflammatory processes that lead to degenerative diseases.
• Supports visual health.

• They activate enzymes that destroy harmful substances.
• Influence the regularity of the menstrual cycle in women.
• Helps maintain water balance.
• Promote the transport of calcium across the cell membrane.
• In the human body, carotenoids are substances that are also used as a supply of oxygen in the neuronal respiratory chain.

The list shows that carotenoids play an important role in the body, and since they cannot be synthesized, they must come from outside.

Natural sources of coloring pigments

All yellow fruits and vegetables contain carotenoids. These substances were also found in greenery, just because of the green chlorophyll they are invisible, and in the autumn it is they who give the leaves a bright color.

The main sources of carotenoids include:

• Palm oil. It is considered the leader in the content of coenzyme Q10, vitamin E and carotenoids.
• Carrot.
• Rowan fruits.
• Orange pepper.
• Corn.
• All citrus fruits.
• Persimmon.
• Apricots.
• Pumpkin.
• Rosehip.
• Peaches.
• Tomatoes.
• Sea buckthorn.

Pigments are also found in flowers, for example, calendula petals are rich in carotenoids, plant pollen. They are also found in egg yolk and in some types of fish.

The process of assimilation of pigments in the human body

After these substances enter the body, the assimilation process begins in the small intestine with the participation of a certain group of enzymes. But in the process of research it was found that the absorption of carotenoids occurs better if finely chopped and heat-treated foods are used.

Important for complete absorption and the presence of fat. For example, if only about 1% of carotenoids are absorbed from raw carrots, then after adding oil, the percentage will increase to 25.

Vitamin A ampoules

If an insufficient amount of carotenoids enters the body with food, then this problem can be solved by taking synthetic multivitamins containing these substances. Manufacturers release funds in the form of:

In addition to vitamin A, the composition may contain other components:

• B vitamins.
• Vitamin C.
• Folic acid.
• Nicotinamide.
• Biotin.
• Pantothenic Acid.
• Calcium.
• Vitamin K.
• Phosphorus.
• Magnesium and iron.
• Silicon and vanadium.
• Molybdenum and Selenium.

Vitamin A in ampoules should be taken only after consulting a doctor, so as not to provoke an overdose.

Dosage of carotenoids

If food contains little carotene (what it is, we have already considered), then it is necessary to take synthetic drugs.

The dose per day should be at least 25,000 IU of vitamin A. In the presence of some pathologies, the dose will have to be adjusted by decreasing or increasing it.

For better assimilation, it is necessary to divide the daily rate into two doses. The dosage also depends on whether you are taking a vitamin complex or a supplement containing only one type of carotene: alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene.

It should be borne in mind that vitamin carotene should enter the body of an adult per day in an amount of 2-6 mg. For example, one carrot contains 8 mg, but do not forget that not all of the amount will be absorbed by the body.

Who should take carotenoids for?

• To reduce the risk of developing oncological pathologies of the prostate gland, lungs.
• To protect the heart muscle from disease.
• In order to reduce the rate of development of age-related changes in the retina.
• To strengthen the immune system.

The main effect of their use is associated with the fact that carotenoids are natural antioxidants. The molecules are capable of neutralizing unstable free radicals. But it should be noted that, despite the similarities among themselves, each group of carotenoids has its own effect on a certain type of tissue in the human body.

Not all types of carotenoids are converted to vitamin A with the same success, beta-carotene does it best, but alpha-carotene and cryptoxanthin are capable of such metamorphoses, but to a lesser extent.

Contraindications for use

You should also not combine taking vitamins with therapy with other drugs. Before using, be sure to consult a doctor.

Side effects

If a sufficient amount of foods containing carotene is ingested (what this is, you already know), and synthetic vitamins are taken in addition, there is a risk of overdose and side effects. The first sign will be orange staining of the skin on the hands and feet. This is not dangerous, with a decrease in dosage, everything returns to normal.

If there is a simultaneous intake of various groups of carotenoids, then they interfere with the assimilation of each other, and in some cases can harm the body.

Before using such substances, especially in the presence of chronic pathologies, it is imperative to consult a doctor.

Carotenoids in disease prevention

If these substances enter the body constantly and in sufficient quantities, they can play a preventive role in the prevention of certain pathologies:

1. Protects against many types of cancer. For example, lycopene inhibits the development of cancer cells in the prostate gland. Studies have found that regular consumption of foods containing tomatoes, which are rich in lycopene, reduces the risk of developing prostate cancer by 45%. This carotenoid is also able to protect against cancer of the stomach and digestive tract.
2. Alpha-carotene reduces the risk of cervical cancer, while lutein and zeaxanthin will protect against lung cancer.
3. Consumption of carotenoids reduces the risk of developing heart disease. The constant presence of these substances in food reduces the risk of heart attack by 75%.
4. All carotenoids are great at reducing bad cholesterol.
5. The risk to the retina is reduced, which can lead to blindness in old age.
6. Carotenoids prevent lens damage.
7. The risk of cataract disease is reduced.

Some facts can be cited and useful recommendations for the use of this group of substances can be given.

It would seem that with such an abundance of products, a modern person cannot experience a deficiency of carotenoids, but, as experts say, almost 40-60% of the adult population receive less of these substances with food. That is why food should be varied and rich in vegetables and fruits.

If this is not the case, it is necessary to buy synthetic vitamins and dietary supplements to ensure the full functioning of the body.

We constantly hear that vitamins are good for health, but we rarely think about what exactly. For example, what does the body need beta carotene for? Everyone knows that the substance is responsible for the health of the eyes and youthful skin. But maybe provitamin A also has other valuable properties? Let's find out.

Why does the body need beta-carotene?

Beta-carotene is a plant pigment that gives vegetables a pleasant orange-red color. In the human body, it plays the role of an antioxidant, protecting cells from free radicals, strengthening immunity, reducing the risk of infections and colds, and also acts as an adaptogen.

In addition, the natural substance increases the body's endurance to stress, reduces the risk of strokes and heart attacks, prevents the formation of sclerotic plaques and cleanses blood vessels.
Other benefits of beta-carotene:

• maintains visual acuity, nourishes the cornea, prevents aging changes in the tissues of the eye, fights cataracts and glaucoma;
• stimulates cell division and bone growth;
• maintains the health and youth of the skin, protects from the sun's rays;
• accelerates the healing of wounds, burns and bedsores;
• ensures the normal functioning of the prostate gland and improves the quality of the seminal fluid;
• protects teeth from decay, and the oral mucosa from aphthous stomatitis;
• has a beneficial effect on the well-being of the expectant mother, as well as on the growth and development of the baby.

Beta-carotene is also needed when the ambient temperature rises, after undergoing chemotherapy, with frequent X-ray irradiation or living in ecologically unfavorable areas.

Attention. The need for beta-carotene increases sharply with increased physical or mental stress.

To make the carotenoid more beneficial, it is recommended to take it in combination with other antioxidants - vitamins C and E. These substances enhance the effect of the organic dye and accelerate its breakdown.

Beta carotene: benefits for women

Plant pigment is essential at all stages of a woman's life. For young girls, the substance will help to cope with acne and acne, for older ladies it will relieve the first wrinkles and sluggishness of the skin, and in the postmenopausal period it will protect from uterine fibroids and breast cancer.

In addition to these functions, provitamin A performs a number of other tasks aimed at protecting women's health:

• maintains the reproductive organs and the genitourinary system in working order;
• corrects hormonal balance, fights spontaneous and habitual miscarriages;
• helps to solve the problem of infertility;
• improves complexion, condition of hair, nails and teeth;
• protects against stress, emotional breakdowns and nervous disorders;
• facilitates the course of menopause;
• strengthens bones, protects against osteoporosis and other osteo-diseases.

Beta-carotene is also useful for women who are losing weight. It speeds up the metabolism, makes the body strong and enduring, helping to give all the best in training, and also maintains the firmness and elasticity of the skin after losing extra pounds.

To maintain the normal functioning of the body, women need to consume 5-6 mg of beta-carotene daily. In case of diseases, the dosage can be increased to 10-15 mg.

The substance can be obtained both through nutrition and with the help of various vitamin supplements produced specifically for women. They are most often additionally enriched with zinc, selenium and vitamins.

Beta carotene for skin

Deficiency of beta-carotene is noticeably reflected in the skin - it becomes pale and dry, becomes thinner and begins to peel off. The first wrinkles appear around the eyes and mouth, often acne and pimples appear.
A properly selected diet and intake of beta-carotene in oil or tablets will help keep the dermis young and healthy.

You can supplement the care with external products containing plant pigment. In addition, pro-vitamin A creams help to sunbathe safely, replacing sunscreens.

Beta carotene for hair

The state of the curls also depends on the amount of beta-carotene in the body - with a lack of substance, they become dry and lifeless, lose their shine, split and fall out.

Contraindications for use

Beta-carotene has no significant intake restrictions. You can only pay attention to the individual sensitivity to the substance and severe kidney damage.

Council. It is not recommended to take provitamin A at the same time as drinking alcohol and active smoking. In the first case, carotene dye can provoke serious liver disease, and in the second - lung cancer.

If the daily dose of beta-carotene is regularly exceeded, carotenemia may develop. This condition is not life-threatening, although it causes some inconvenience, rather an aesthetic one - yellowing of the skin, especially the face, hands and feet. With the withdrawal of drugs or changes in diet, unpleasant symptoms quickly disappear.

Beta carotene: vitamin or not

Not everyone understands what beta-carotene is, what kind of vitamin and vitamin is it in general. Indeed, it is impossible to call a plant pigment a vitamin in the usual sense of the word. Once in the body, the substance accumulates in the subcutaneous fat and dermis, protecting it from ultraviolet radiation, and, if necessary, turns into retinol (this is directly vitamin A).

At the same time, most of the carotenoid continues to work as a powerful adaptogen, antioxidant and immunostimulant.

The best vitamins for tanning

German researchers have shown that the organic dye not only protects the skin from UV damage, but also contributes to a deeper, longer lasting and richer tan.

To get a beautiful bronze hue, you need to prepare in advance for the beach season and include pro-vitamin-rich foods in the diet. you will find out where the carotene is contained.

Council. The easiest way to get a tan is to eat grated carrots with sour cream or butter every day. Alternatively, in the morning you can drink a glass of fresh pumpkin or carrot juice.

Vitamins with beta-carotene for tanning: how to take it right

Vitamin supplements for tanning with carotene will also help to get a pleasant skin color. It is recommended to start taking dietary supplements in advance, no later than 7 days before the start of the summer vacation and continue for several weeks after - all this time, the production of melanin will be increased and the chocolate shade will last longer.

To protect your skin from ultraviolet radiation and prepare for tanning, you need 6-8 mg of herbal dye per day.

To obtain a good effect, the intake of vitamins with beta-carotene should be long and regular. It is better to split the daily dose of the drug into two portions and use them immediately before and immediately after tanning. If desired, the rate of the drug can be exceeded. There will be no harm from this.

Tanning carotene options

There are many beta-carotene-containing tanning products available today. For example, the famous brand Solgar offers, which will help to acquire and maintain a pleasant bronze shade for a long time.

In addition to plant pigment, the preparation contains other substances necessary for the body. More information about Solgar Beta Carotene Dietary Supplement.

Country Life Tanning Carotene capsules are also worth a try. The advantage of the drug is the presence of vitamin E, which enhances the protective properties of the vegetable dye. A good result is shown by the additive from Now Foods - Natural Beta Carotene. The dietary supplement has good bioavailability and contains tocopherol.

From Russian funds, Vetoron drops are very popular. This beta-carotene multivitamin is taken just before sunburn by diluting 10 drops of the solution in a glass of water. In summer, the supplement can be consumed every day without fear of overdose.

Tocopherol included in its composition will moisturize the skin and prevent the appearance of premature wrinkles, and ascorbic acid will enhance the antioxidant activity of carotene.

Vitamins for sunless tanning

For girls who dream of tanned skin in winter, but cannot or do not want to go to a solarium, we recommend the French Sun Cap Soleil with beta-carotene, lecithin, carrot oil and vitamins.

Sun capsules, in addition to providing a chocolate hue, protect the skin from abnormal cell proliferation and prevent the risk of developing melanomas.

You can get the Sun Cap at a pharmacy or specialty store. It is recommended to take 1-2 tablets a day. The jar will last for 15-30 days.

The benefits of beta-carotene for the body can hardly be overestimated. The substance not only protects cells from oxidants, but also reveals a bright cosmetic effect, protects the skin from the sun's rays and gives the tan a saturation and even shade. However, despite all the benefits of provitamin. And, one should not get carried away with dosage forms. It is much healthier to add natural foods that contain carotene to your diet.

All materials on the site are presented solely for informational purposes. Before using any means, consultation with a doctor is MANDATORY!

Our body needs beta-carotene in very small quantities, moreover, an excess of beta-carotene can even have side effects.

What is beta-carotene - what is it for?

Beta carotene is classified as carotenoid, a natural antioxidantpresent in a variety of plants that have important functions in our body.

An antioxidant is a molecule capable of bind and therefore inactivate free radicals, Is a type of chemically reactive molecule that can cause irreparable damage to the cellular structure.

As an antioxidant, beta-carotene has important functions in our body:

• together with other carotenes it is used for vitamin A synthesis, which is essential for the growth and development of bones, for vision, for reproduction;
• together with protects the skin from damage due to sun exposuresuch as dry and aging skin.

Where to find beta-carotene - not just carrots

Beta-carotene is a pigment that gives food its orange-reddish color.

Most abundantly presented in the following products:

• carrot, from which it was first isolated, potatoes and peppers, as well as zucchini, apricots, peaches and grapefruits.
• some vegetables such as swiss chard, spinach, lettuce and kale contain a lot of beta-carotene, but it is hidden behind bright green chlorophyll.
• beta-carotene is also present in some cereals (corn, barley) and algae.

Properties and benefits of beta carotene

The beneficial effects of beta-carotene as an antioxidant and precursor to vitamin A are expressed in relation to various organs and systems:

• For skin: Beta-carotene protects the skin during sun exposure, preventing erythema. The accumulation of beta-carotene in the skin gives it a yellow-orange color and enhances the action of melanin, which is responsible for natural tanning. Even in the case of vitiligo, beta-carotene helps to avoid sunburn on the white areas of the skin and therefore more sensitive ones.
• For eyes: Part of the beta-carotene that enters the body is transferred to the retina, where it is converted into vitamin A. At this level, vitamin A is needed in order, together with other pigments (for example, rhodopsin), to realize the ability for night vision. Consequently, beta-carotene deficiency can lead to decreased capacity.
• For hair: Beta-carotene, as provitamin A, is essential for the well-being of skin and scalp cells. Vitamin A is a component of the cell membrane and when it is lacking it can lead to excessive production of keratin, and therefore dry scalp.
• Acne: Vitamin A is a part of scars, beta-carotene, both internally and topically, can be beneficial for the recovery of facial skin after acne.

Beta Carotene Supplements

Despite the fact that beta carotene is present in many foods, it is sometimes possible to encounter a deficiency, especially in the presence of intestinal pathologies that limit the absorption of vitamin A and its precursors. Since vitamin A is part of many biological mechanisms, there may be several symptoms associated with vitamin A deficiency: dry skin and hair, frequent infections, decreased visual acuity, fatigue, poor appetite.

In these cases, it is useful to resort to using food supplements based on beta-carotene... They can contain beta-carotene of natural origin, that is, extracts, or synthetic.

There are several advantages to using beta-carotene in addition:

• preventing breast and ovarian cancer in menopausal women, due to its antioxidant effect, which neutralizes free radicals responsible for damage to DNA and enzymes responsible for controlling cell replication;
• reduced risk of sunburnbecause beta-carotene is a pigment that can protect against damage caused by sun exposure, even in the case of pathologies such as protoporphyria, which predispose to sunburn.

A pinch a day and nothing else!

Beta-carotene enters the body with food, absorbed in the intestines and accumulates in the liver... When the body requires vitamin A, the beta-carotene supply from the liver is mobilized and converted into this vitamin.

How much beta-carotene do we need per day? In fact, very few: only 2 mg per day, which are contained in one carrot (30 g), 5-6 apricots (130 g) or 50 g of spinach or chard.

Concerning food additives based on beta-carotene, usually the dosage is one capsule a day.

Beta carotene poisoning and side effects

To get all the benefits of beta-carotene, it is enough to take, as we have seen, 2 mg per day, but what happens if you take it in excessive doses?

• Beta carotene poisoning: In moderate doses, beta-carotene will give the skin a pleasant tan color, but if consumed in excess, it will have the effect of jaundice. However, skin color will be restored if the beta-carotene dose is withdrawn or reduced.
• Increased incidence of cancer in smokers: Some studies have shown that beta-carotene increases the likelihood of developing cancer in people who smoke. However, the mechanism by which beta-carotene promotes cancer in smokers is not yet clear.
• Fatigue of the liver and kidneys: Excessive use of antioxidant supplements can be harmful to humans. Together with antioxidants, we have to swallow excipients - synthetic molecules that take resources from the liver and kidneys for their metabolism and excretion.

As we have seen, beta-carotene, being an antioxidant, can have side effects if taken in excess. A healthy and balanced diet, no frills, will provide the body with everything it needs. Seek help from nutritional supplements only in cases of real need.

Finally, beta-carotene does not gain weight: it is not used in our body for energy production and has no effect on the general metabolism!